{"id":235,"date":"2012-05-14T21:13:06","date_gmt":"2012-05-14T19:13:06","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/nudibranquis-nudibranchianudibranquios-nudibranchianudibranchs-nudibranchia"},"modified":"2025-10-29T16:01:05","modified_gmt":"2025-10-29T15:01:05","slug":"nudibranchia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/","title":{"rendered":"Nudibranchia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Els nudibranquis son un grup de llimacs de mar que inclou els tradicionals nudibranquis cladohep\u00e0tics (eolidacis, arminacis i dendronotacis), m\u00e9s l\u2019enigm\u00e0tic grup dels Doridoxidae, tots ells caracteritzats per tenir l\u2019anus en posici\u00f3 lateral dreta i la gl\u00e0ndula digestiva m\u00e9s o menys ramificada.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span style=\"font-size:10pt;\" class=\"aligncenter\"><div id=\"featured-img-id\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/hypselodoris-tricolor-29.jpg?w=900&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Felimare tricolor by Enric Madrenas\" \/><\/div><center><em>Felimare tricolor<\/em> per Enric Madrenas<\/center><\/span><p><\/p><\/h5>\n<p><b>Nudibranchia <\/b>\u00e9s grup molt divers de mol\u00b7luscs marins que inclou aproximadament 1000 esp\u00e8cies, si b\u00e9 la manca d\u2019estudis d\u00f3na com a resultat que aquest grup sigui poc conegut.<\/p>\n<p>La hist\u00f2ria taxon\u00f2mica dels nudibranquis (Nudibranchia Cuvier, 1817) \u00e9s un exemple paradigm\u00e0tic de com la biologia marina ha anat evolucionant des d\u2019un enfocament essencialment morfol\u00f2gic cap a una s\u00edntesi filogen\u00e8tica que integra dades anat\u00f2miques, moleculars i ontogen\u00e8tiques. Els nudibranquis, tradicionalment inclosos dins dels &#8220;opistobranquis&#8221;, eren considerats durant d\u00e8cades un ordre d\u2019aquest gran grup de mol\u00b7luscs gaster\u00f2podes marins caracteritzats per la p\u00e8rdua de la closca en l\u2019estat adult i per la pres\u00e8ncia de br\u00e0nquies externes. Aquesta concepci\u00f3 cl\u00e0ssica \u2014heretada de la zoologia del segle XIX\u2014 va mantenir-se viva fins ben entrat el segle XX, quan les primeres an\u00e0lisis morfol\u00f2giques sistem\u00e0tiques van comen\u00e7ar a revelar la complexitat interna del grup i la manca de monof\u00edlia dels &#8220;Opisthobranchia&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Els estudis de Heike W\u00e4gele (2000), basats en m\u00e9s d\u2019un centenar de car\u00e0cters anat\u00f2mics i histol\u00f2gics, van ser decisius per consolidar la monof\u00edlia de Nudibranchia i per establir una divisi\u00f3 prim\u00e0ria en dos grans llinatges: Anthobranchia i Cladobranchia, diferenciats per la morfologia del cos i la disposici\u00f3 de les br\u00e0nquies. Aquesta estructura b\u00e0sica va dominar la sistem\u00e0tica del grup durant gaireb\u00e9 dues d\u00e8cades, fins que l\u2019arribada de les t\u00e8cniques moleculars va transformar radicalment la manera d\u2019entendre les relacions internes dels heterobranquis.<\/p>\n<p>A partir dels primers treballs moleculars i transcript\u00f2mics del segle XXI (com els de Karmeinski et al., 2021), es va posar de manifest que moltes de les classificacions tradicionals eren artificials o par\u00e0fil\u00e8tiques. Grups que havien estat definits per car\u00e0cters superficials -com la forma del cos o l\u2019estructura dels cerata- resultaven ser heterogenis, mentre que altres llinatges aparentment dispersos mostraven una afinitat filogen\u00e8tica inesperada. En aquest context, la noci\u00f3 cl\u00e0ssica de Nudibranchia com un conjunt d\u2019&#8221;opistobranquis sense closca&#8221; va perdre sentit, i el focus es va despla\u00e7ar cap a una delimitaci\u00f3 filogen\u00e8ticament coherent dins del gran clade Heterobranchia.<\/p>\n<p>El treball de Korshunova <em>et al<\/em>. (2025) representa, en aquest sentit, un punt d\u2019inflexi\u00f3 fonamental. Els autors proposen una revisi\u00f3 profunda de la taxonomia dels nudibranquis basada en una combinaci\u00f3 de dades morfol\u00f2giques fines, observacions ontogen\u00e8tiques i seq\u00fc\u00e8ncies moleculars. El seu estudi denuncia el que anomenen &#8220;pseudo-optimitzaci\u00f3 taxon\u00f2mica&#8221;: una tend\u00e8ncia hist\u00f2rica a simplificar excessivament la classificaci\u00f3 per ajustar-la a models jer\u00e0rquics r\u00edgids, suprimint aix\u00ed bona part de la diversitat real del grup.<\/p>\n<p>Korshunova <em>et al<\/em>. (2025) restringeixen de manera expl\u00edcita l\u2019abast de l\u2019ordre Nudibranchia, i hi reinstauren cinc subordres cl\u00e0ssics que havien estat progressivament fusionats o abandonats: Arminina, Tritonina, Dendronotina, Janolina i Aeolidina. Aquesta reestructuraci\u00f3 retorna coher\u00e8ncia filogen\u00e8tica a la classificaci\u00f3 i reconeix la independ\u00e8ncia evolutiva de diversos llinatges que abans s\u2019havien aplegat sota denominacions artificioses com &#8220;Cladobranchia&#8221;. Especialment significativa \u00e9s la revisi\u00f3 del subordre Aeolidina, dins del qual els autors identifiquen deu superfam\u00edlies clarament definides i vint-i-nou fam\u00edlies, incloent-hi dues de nova descripci\u00f3 (Chudidae fam. nov. i Hantazuidae fam. nov.). Tamb\u00e9 es restableix la superfam\u00edlia Embletonioidea, la posici\u00f3 de la qual havia estat objecte de debat persistent en la literatura molecular.<\/p>\n<p>Aquesta nova classificaci\u00f3, tot i complexa, ofereix un marc evolutiu m\u00e9s realista i evidencia que la diversitat dels nudibranquis \u00e9s molt m\u00e9s alta del que s\u2019havia suposat. L\u2019enfocament integrador de Korshunova <em>et al<\/em>. (2025) defensa que nom\u00e9s l\u2019an\u00e0lisi conjunta de morfologia, gen\u00e8tica i desenvolupament pot evitar distorsions derivades de la &#8220;optimitzaci\u00f3&#8221; taxon\u00f2mica, i restituir aix\u00ed la riquesa evolutiva del grup. En definitiva, el seu treball redefineix Nudibranchia no com un residu dels antics &#8220;opistobranquis&#8221;, sin\u00f3 com un clade ben delimitat dins dels Heterobranchia, on l\u2019evoluci\u00f3 de les formes corporals i dels sistemes defensius qu\u00edmics ha generat una diversitat que, com suggereix el t\u00edtol de l\u2019article, \u00e9s realment &#8220;inacabable i extraordin\u00e0riament diferenciada&#8221;.<\/p>\n<p>Els Nudibranchia, com a grup, no tenen una organitzaci\u00f3 corporal homog\u00e8nia: Els Aeolidioidea, Fionoidea, Flabellinoidea i Proctonotoidea tenen el cos allargat i grups de papil\u00b7les anomenades <em>cerata<\/em> a banda i banda del cos. Els Arminoidea tenen el cos de forma m\u00e9s o menys triangular i viuen en fons tous. Els Dendronotoidea i Tritonioidea tenen el cos allargat i prolongacions dendr\u00edtiques a banda i banda del cos. Els Doridoxoidea tenen la forma corporal dels nudibranquis doridacis, \u00e9s a dir, aplanats dorsoventralment.<\/p>\n<p>La taxonomia dels Cladobranchia proposada per Bouchet et al.(2017) i acceptada a WoRMS \u00e9s:<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\n<p><strong>Nudibranchia Cuvier, 1817<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aeolidina Eliot, 1910\n<ul>\n<li>Aeolidioidea J. E. Gray, 1827\n<ul>\n<li>Aeolidiidae J. E. Gray, 1827\n<ul>\n<li><em>Aeolidia<\/em>\u00a0Cuvier, 1798<\/li>\n<li><em>Aeolidiella<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1867<\/li>\n<li><em>Aeolidiopsis<\/em>\u00a0Pruvot-Fol, 1956<\/li>\n<li><em>Anteaeolidiella<\/em>\u00a0M. C. Miller, 2001<\/li>\n<li><em>Baeolidia<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1888<\/li>\n<li><em>Berghia<\/em>\u00a0Trinchese, 1877<\/li>\n<li><em>Bulbaeolidia<\/em>\u00a0Carmona, Pola, Gosliner &amp; Cervera, 2013<\/li>\n<li><em>Cerberilla<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1873<\/li>\n<li><em>Limenandra<\/em>\u00a0Haefelfinger &amp; Stamm, 1958<\/li>\n<li><em>Spurilla<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1864<\/li>\n<li><em>Zeusia<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Zimina &amp; Martynov, 2017<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Babakinidae Roller, 1973\n<ul>\n<li><em>Babakina<\/em>\u00a0Roller, 1973<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Facelinidae Bergh, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Adfacelina<\/em>\u00a0Millen &amp; Hermosillo, 2012<\/li>\n<li><em>Algarvia<\/em>\u00a0Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez &amp; Cervera, 1990<\/li>\n<li><em>Amanda<\/em>\u00a0Macnae, 1954<\/li>\n<li><em>Anetarca<\/em>\u00a0Gosliner, 1991<\/li>\n<li><em>Antonietta<\/em>\u00a0Schmekel, 1966<\/li>\n<li><em>Austraeolis<\/em>\u00a0Burn, 1962<\/li>\n<li><em>Bajaeolis<\/em>\u00a0Gosliner &amp; Behrens, 1986<\/li>\n<li><em>Burnaia<\/em>\u00a0M. C. Miller, 2001<\/li>\n<li><em>Caloria<\/em>\u00a0Trinchese, 1888<\/li>\n<li><em>Cratena<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1864<\/li>\n<li>Crateninae Bergh, 1889<\/li>\n<li><em>Dicata<\/em>\u00a0Schmekel, 1967<\/li>\n<li><em>Echinopsole<\/em>\u00a0Macnae, 1954<\/li>\n<li><em>Emarcusia<\/em>\u00a0Roller, 1972<\/li>\n<li><em>Facelina<\/em>\u00a0Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855<\/li>\n<li>Facelininae Bergh, 1889<\/li>\n<li><em>Facelinopsis<\/em>\u00a0Pruvot-Fol, 1954<\/li>\n<li>Favorininae Bergh, 1889<\/li>\n<li><em>Favorinus<\/em>\u00a0J. E. Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<li><em>Hermosita<\/em>\u00a0Gosliner &amp; Behrens, 1986<\/li>\n<li><em>Herviella<\/em>\u00a0Baba, 1949<\/li>\n<li>Herviellinae Burn, 1967<\/li>\n<li><em>Janssonius<\/em>\u00a0Ortea &amp; Moro, 2022<\/li>\n<li><em>Jason<\/em>\u00a0M. C. Miller, 1974<\/li>\n<li><em>Learchis<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1896<\/li>\n<li><em>Moridilla<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1888<\/li>\n<li><em>Myja<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1896<\/li>\n<li><em>Noumeaella<\/em>\u00a0Risbec, 1937<\/li>\n<li><em>Palisa<\/em>\u00a0Edmunds, 1964<\/li>\n<li><em>Pauleo<\/em>\u00a0Millen &amp; Hamann, 1992<\/li>\n<li><em>Phidiana<\/em>\u00a0Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<li><em>Pruvotfolia<\/em>\u00a0J. Tardy, 1970<\/li>\n<li>Pteraeolidiinae Risbec, 1953\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pteraeolidia<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1875<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Sakuraeolis<\/em>\u00a0Baba, 1965<\/li>\n<li><em>Setoeolis<\/em>\u00a0Baba, 1965<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Flabellinidae Bergh, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Calmella<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1906<\/li>\n<li><em>Carronella<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Coryphellina<\/em>\u00a0O&#8217;Donoghue, 1929<\/li>\n<li><em>Edmundsella<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Flabellina<\/em>\u00a0McMurtrie, 1831<\/li>\n<li><em>Paraflabellina<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Flabellinopsidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Baenopsis<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Flabellinopsis<\/em>\u00a0MacFarland, 1966<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Glaucidae Gray, 1827\n<ul>\n<li><em>Glaucilla<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1861<\/li>\n<li><em>Glaucus<\/em>\u00a0Forster, 1777<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hantazuidae Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hantazuia<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Myrrhinidae Bergh, 1905\n<ul>\n<li><em>Dondice<\/em>\u00a0Er. Marcus, 1958<\/li>\n<li><em>Godiva<\/em>\u00a0Macnae, 1954<\/li>\n<li><em>Hermissenda<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1879<\/li>\n<li><em>Nanuca<\/em>\u00a0Er. Marcus, 1957<\/li>\n<li><em>Nemesignis<\/em>\u00a0Furfaro &amp; Mariottini, 2021<\/li>\n<li><em>Phyllodesmium<\/em>\u00a0Ehrenberg, 1831<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970\n<ul>\n<li><em>Piseinotecus<\/em>\u00a0Er. Marcus, 1955<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pleurolidiidae Burn, 1966\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pleurolidia<\/em>\u00a0Burn, 1966<\/li>\n<li><em>Protaeolidiella<\/em>\u00a0Baba, 1955<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Apataoidea Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li>Apataidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Apata<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Tularia<\/em>\u00a0Burn, 1966<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Chudoidea Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025\n<ul>\n<li>Chudidae Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025\n<ul>\n<li><em>Chudo<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Embletonioidea Pruvot-Fol, 1954\n<ul>\n<li>Embletoniidae Pruvot-Fol, 1954\n<ul>\n<li><em>Embletonia<\/em>\u00a0Alder &amp; Hancock, 1851<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Fionoidea J. E. Gray, 1857\n<ul>\n<li>Abronicidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Abronica<\/em>\u00a0Cella, Carmona, Ekimova, Chichvarkhin, Schepetov &amp; Gosliner, 2016<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Calmidae Iredale &amp; O&#8217;Donoghue, 1923\n<ul>\n<li><em>Calma<\/em>\u00a0Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Coryphellidae Bergh, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Borealea<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Corrupta<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Coryphella<\/em>\u00a0J. E. Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<li><em>Fjordia<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Gulenia<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Himatina<\/em>\u00a0Thiele, 1931<\/li>\n<li><em>Itaxia<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Microchlamylla<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Occidenthella<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Orienthella<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Portorchardia<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cumanotidae Odhner, 1907\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cumanotus<\/em>\u00a0Odhner, 1907<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cuthonellidae M. C. Miller, 1977\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cratenopsis<\/em>\u00a0Lemche, 1935<\/li>\n<li><em>Cuthonella<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1884<\/li>\n<li><em>Fiocuthona<\/em>\u00a0Martynov, 1992<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cuthonidae Odhner, 1934\n<ul>\n<li><em>Bohuslania<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Lundin, Malmberg, Picton &amp; Martynov, 2018<\/li>\n<li><em>Cuthona<\/em>\u00a0Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Eubranchidae Odhner, 1934\n<ul>\n<li><em>Aenigmastyletus<\/em>\u00a0Martynov, 1998<\/li>\n<li><em>Amphorina<\/em>\u00a0Quatrefages, 1844<\/li>\n<li><em>Annulorhina<\/em>\u00a0K. P. Rao, 1968<\/li>\n<li><em>Capellinia<\/em>\u00a0Trinchese, 1873<\/li>\n<li><em>Corruptobranchus<\/em>\u00a0Martynov &amp; Korshunova, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Dunga<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1902<\/li>\n<li><em>Eubranchopsis<\/em>\u00a0Baba, 1949<\/li>\n<li><em>Eubranchulus<\/em>\u00a0Martynov &amp; Korshunova, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Eubranchus<\/em>\u00a0Forbes, 1838<\/li>\n<li><em>Galvinella<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1907<\/li>\n<li><em>Karavellia<\/em>\u00a0Martynov &amp; Korshunova, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Leostyletus<\/em>\u00a0Martynov, 1998<\/li>\n<li><em>Nudibranchus<\/em>\u00a0Martynov, 1998<\/li>\n<li><em>Produnga<\/em>\u00a0Martynov, 1998<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Fionidae J. E. Gray, 1857\n<ul>\n<li><em>Fiona<\/em>\u00a0Alder &amp; Hancock, 1853<\/li>\n<li><em>Tergiposacca<\/em>\u00a0Cella, Carmona, Ekimova, Chichvarkhin, Schepetov &amp; Gosliner, 2016<\/li>\n<li><em>Zatteria<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Magallanidae Ortea &amp; Moro, 2020\n<ul>\n<li><em>Magallanes<\/em>\u00a0Ortea &amp; Moro, 2020<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Murmaniidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Guyvalvoria<\/em>\u00a0Vayssi\u00e8re, 1906<\/li>\n<li><em>Murmania<\/em>\u00a0Martynov, 2006<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Paracoryphellidae M. C. Miller, 1971\n<ul>\n<li><em>Chlamylla<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1886<\/li>\n<li><em>Paracoryphella<\/em>\u00a0M. C. Miller, 1971<\/li>\n<li><em>Polaria<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Ziminella<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pinufiidae Er. Marcus &amp; Ev. Marcus, 1960\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pinufius<\/em>\u00a0Er. Marcus &amp; Ev. Marcus, 1960<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pseudovermidae Thiele, 1931\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pseudovermis<\/em>\u00a0Perejaslavtzeva, 1891<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tergipedidae Bergh, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Tergipes<\/em>\u00a0Cuvier, 1805<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Trinchesiidae F. Nordsieck, 1972\n<ul>\n<li><em>Catriona<\/em>\u00a0Winckworth, 1941<\/li>\n<li><em>Diaphoreolis<\/em>\u00a0Iredale &amp; O&#8217;Donoghue, 1923<\/li>\n<li><em>Phestilla<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1874<\/li>\n<li><em>Rubramoena<\/em>\u00a0Cella, Carmona, Ekimova, Chichvarkhin, Schepetov &amp; Gosliner, 2016<\/li>\n<li><em>Selva<\/em>\u00a0Edmunds, 1964<\/li>\n<li><em>Tenellia<\/em>\u00a0A. Costa, 1866<\/li>\n<li><em>Trinchesia<\/em>\u00a0Ihering, 1879<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Xenocratenidae Martynov, Lundin, Picton, Fletcher, Malmberg &amp; Korshunova, 2020\n<ul>\n<li><em>Xenocratena<\/em>\u00a0Odhner, 1940<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Notaeolidioidea Eliot, 1910\n<ul>\n<li>Notaeolidiidae Eliot, 1910\n<ul>\n<li><em>Notaeolidia<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1905<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Samloidea Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li>Samlidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Luisella<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Samla<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1900<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Unidentioidea Millen &amp; Hermosillo, 2012\n<ul>\n<li>Unidentiidae Millen &amp; Hermosillo, 2012\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pacifia<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Phetia<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Unidentia<\/em>\u00a0Millen &amp; Hermosillo, 2012<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Arminina\n<ul>\n<li>Arminoidea Iredale &amp; O&#8217;Donoghue, 1923 (1841)\n<ul>\n<li>Arminidae Iredale &amp; O&#8217;Donoghue, 1923 (1841)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Armina<\/em>\u00a0Rafinesque, 1814<\/li>\n<li><em>Atthila<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1899<\/li>\n<li><em>Dermatobranchus<\/em>\u00a0van Hasselt, 1824<\/li>\n<li><em>Histiomena<\/em>\u00a0M\u00f6rch, 1859<\/li>\n<li><em>Pleurophyllidiella<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1903<\/li>\n<li><em>Pleurophyllidiopsis<\/em>\u00a0S. Tchang, 1934<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Heterodoridoidea A. E. Verrill &amp; Emerton, 1882\n<ul>\n<li>Doridomorphidae Er. Marcus &amp; Ev. Marcus, 1960 (1908)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Doridomorpha<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1903<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Doridoxidae Bergh, 1899\n<ul>\n<li><em>Doridoxa<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1899<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Heterodorididae A. E. Verrill &amp; Emerton, 1882\n<ul>\n<li><em>Heterodoris<\/em>\u00a0A. E. Verrill &amp; Emerton, 1882<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dendronotina Odhner, 1934\n<ul>\n<li>Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845\n<ul>\n<li>Bornellidae Bergh, 1874\n<ul>\n<li><em>Bornella<\/em>\u00a0Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dendronotidae Allman, 1845\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cabangus<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova, Bakken, Gr\u00f8tan, K. B. Johnson, Lundin &amp; Martynov, 2020<\/li>\n<li><em>Dendronotus<\/em>\u00a0Alder &amp; Hancock, 1845<\/li>\n<li><em>Pseudobornella<\/em>\u00a0Baba, 1932<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dotidae Gray, 1853\n<ul>\n<li><em>Caecinella<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1870<\/li>\n<li><em>Doto<\/em>\u00a0Oken, 1815<\/li>\n<li><em>Kabeiro<\/em>\u00a0Shipman &amp; Gosliner, 2015<\/li>\n<li><em>Miesea<\/em>\u00a0Er. Marcus, 1961<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hancockiidae MacFarland, 1923\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hancockia<\/em>\u00a0Gosse, 1877<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lomanotidae Bergh, 1890\n<ul>\n<li><em>Lomanotus<\/em>\u00a0V\u00e9rany, 1844<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Phylliroidae Menke, 1830\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cephalopyge<\/em>\u00a0Hanel, 1905<\/li>\n<li><em>Phylliroe<\/em>\u00a0F. P\u00e9ron &amp; Lesueur, 1810<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Scyllaeidae Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855\n<ul>\n<li><em>Crosslandia<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1902<\/li>\n<li><em>Notobryon<\/em>\u00a0Odhner, 1936<\/li>\n<li><em>Scyllaea<\/em>\u00a0Linnaeus, 1758<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tethydidae Rafinesque, 1815\n<ul>\n<li><em>Melibe<\/em>\u00a0Rang, 1829<\/li>\n<li><em>Tethys<\/em>\u00a0Linnaeus, 1767<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Janolina\n<ul>\n<li>Goniaeolididae Odhner, 1907\n<ul>\n<li><em>Goniaeolis<\/em>\u00a0M. Sars, 1861<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Proctonotoidea J. E. Gray, 1853\n<ul>\n<li>Curnonidae d&#8217;Udekem d&#8217;Acoz, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Curnon<\/em>\u00a0d&#8217;Udekem d&#8217;Acoz, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Pseudotritonia<\/em>\u00a0Thiele, 1912<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dironidae Eliot, 1910\n<ul>\n<li><em>Dirona<\/em>\u00a0MacFarland, 1905<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Janolidae Pruvot-Fol, 1933\n<ul>\n<li><em>Antiopella<\/em>\u00a0Hoyle, 1902<\/li>\n<li><em>Bonisa<\/em>\u00a0Gosliner, 1981<\/li>\n<li><em>Galeojanolus<\/em>\u00a0M. C. Miller, 1971<\/li>\n<li><em>Janolus<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1884<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lemindidae R. J. Griffiths, 1985\n<ul>\n<li><em>Leminda<\/em>\u00a0R. J. Griffiths, 1985<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Madrellidae Preston, 1911\n<ul>\n<li><em>Eliotia<\/em>\u00a0Vayssi\u00e8re, 1909<\/li>\n<li><em>Madrella<\/em>\u00a0Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Proctonotidae J. E. Gray, 1853\n<ul>\n<li><em>Caldukia<\/em>\u00a0Burn &amp; M. C. Miller, 1969<\/li>\n<li><em>Proctonotus<\/em>\u00a0Alder &amp; Hancock, 1844<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tritonina\n<ul>\n<li>Tritonioidea Lamarck, 1809\n<ul>\n<li>Tritoniidae Lamarck, 1809\n<ul>\n<li>Marioniinae F. V. Silva, Pola &amp; Cervera, 2023\n<ul>\n<li><em>Marionia<\/em>\u00a0Vayssi\u00e8re, 1877<\/li>\n<li><em>Marioniopsis<\/em>\u00a0Odhner, 1934<\/li>\n<li><em>Paratritonia<\/em>\u00a0Baba, 1949<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tritoniinae Lamarck, 1809\n<ul>\n<li><em>Candiella<\/em>\u00a0J. E. Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<li><em>Marianina<\/em>\u00a0Pruvot-Fol, 1931<\/li>\n<li><em>Myrella<\/em>\u00a0Odhner, 1963<\/li>\n<li><em>Tochuina<\/em>\u00a0Odhner, 1963<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritonia<\/em>\u00a0Cuvier, 1797<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritonicula<\/em>\u00a0Korshunova &amp; Martynov, 2020<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritonidoxa<\/em>\u00a0Bergh, 1907<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritoniella<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1907<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritoniopsis<\/em>\u00a0Eliot, 1905<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<p>Grups principals de nudibranquis:<\/p>\n\r\n    <div\r\n        class=\"autonav-grid autonav-columns-3\"\r\n    >\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/aeolidioidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"812\" height=\"614\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?fit=812%2C614&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Nemesignis banyulensis by Enric Madrenas\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?w=812&amp;ssl=1 812w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?resize=300%2C226&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px\" data-attachment-id=\"4369\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/aeolidioidea\/nemesignis-banyulensis\/dondice-banyulensis-23\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?fit=812%2C614&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"812,614\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Nemesignis banyulensis by Enric Madrenas\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Nemesignis banyulensis by Enric Madrenas&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Nemesignis banyulensis&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?fit=812%2C614&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Aeolidioidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/arminoidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"438\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?fit=650%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Armina neapolitana\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?w=650&amp;ssl=1 650w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?resize=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" data-attachment-id=\"4121\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/arminoidea\/armina-neapolitana\/armina-neapolitana-00\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?fit=650%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"650,438\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Armina neapolitana\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Armina neapolitana&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Armina neapolitana&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?fit=650%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Arminoidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/dendronotoidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"808\" height=\"541\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?fit=808%2C541&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Doto rosea 3mm by Enric Madrenas\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?w=808&amp;ssl=1 808w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?resize=150%2C100&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 808px) 100vw, 808px\" data-attachment-id=\"14432\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/dendronotoidea\/doto-rosea\/doto-rosea-3mm-by-enric-madrenas\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?fit=808%2C541&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"808,541\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Doto rosea 3mm by Enric Madrenas\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Doto rosea 3mm by Enric Madrenas&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Doto rosea 3mm&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?fit=808%2C541&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Dendronotoidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/embletonioidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"610\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?fit=790%2C610&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Embletonia mediterranea @ Granada by David Ballesteros\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?w=790&amp;ssl=1 790w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?resize=300%2C232&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?resize=150%2C116&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" data-attachment-id=\"38320\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/embletonioidea\/embletonia-mediterranea\/img_2683\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?fit=790%2C610&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"790,610\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Embletonia mediterranea @ Granada by David Ballesteros\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Embletonia mediterranea @ Granada by David Ballesteros&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Embletonia mediterranea @ Granada&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?fit=790%2C610&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Embletonioidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/fionoidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Eubranchus-farrani-Galicia-by-Carlos-Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cid.jpg?fit=900%2C599&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Amphorina farrani @ Galicia by Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Cid\" loading=\"lazy\" data-attachment-id=\"18611\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/fionoidea\/amphorina-farrani\/eubranchus-farrani-galicia-by-carlos-fernandez-cid\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Eubranchus-farrani-Galicia-by-Carlos-Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cid.jpg?fit=1861%2C1240&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1861,1240\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Amphorina farrani @ Galicia by Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Cid\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Amphorina farrani @ Galicia by Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Cid&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Amphorina farrani with white lined tail @ Galicia by Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Cid&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Eubranchus-farrani-Galicia-by-Carlos-Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cid.jpg?fit=900%2C599&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Fionoidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/proctonotoidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Janolus-cristatus-%40-Salpatxot-Illes-Medes-Spain-31-03-2012-by-Miquel-Pontes-_MPG9950.jpg?fit=900%2C631&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Antiopella cristata @ Salpatxot, Illes Medes, Spain 31-03-2012 by Miquel Pontes\" loading=\"lazy\" data-attachment-id=\"23336\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/proctonotoidea\/antiopella-cristata\/janolus-cristatus-salpatxot-illes-medes-spain-31-03-2012-by-miquel-pontes-_mpg9950\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Janolus-cristatus-%40-Salpatxot-Illes-Medes-Spain-31-03-2012-by-Miquel-Pontes-_MPG9950.jpg?fit=1024%2C718&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,718\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Antiopella cristata @ Salpatxot, Illes Medes, Spain 31-03-2012 by Miquel Pontes\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Antiopella cristata @ Salpatxot, Illes Medes, Spain 31-03-2012 by Miquel Pontes&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Antiopella cristata @ Salpatxot, Illes Medes, Spain 31-03-2012&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Janolus-cristatus-%40-Salpatxot-Illes-Medes-Spain-31-03-2012-by-Miquel-Pontes-_MPG9950.jpg?fit=900%2C631&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Proctonotoidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/tritonioidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Candiella striata\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?resize=150%2C99&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" data-attachment-id=\"11018\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/galeria\/opistobranquis-miquel-pontes\/tritonia-striata-dsc_5413-by-miquel-pontes\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,533\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Candiella striata (DSC_5413 by Miquel Pontes)\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Candiella striata&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Candiella striata&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Tritonioidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    \n<p><p><strong>Bibliografia<\/strong><\/p><ul><div id=\"zotpress-35d3ceb532ff3a911996f43902f27daf\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID ZP_ATTR\">1246567<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID ZP_ATTR\">Nudibranchia<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT ZP_ATTR\">50<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">creator<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID ZP_ATTR\">235<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL ZP_ATTR\">https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ZP_JSON ZP_ATTR\">%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%226KQRBXMG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bouchet%20and%20Rocroi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBouchet%2C%20P.%2C%20Rocroi%2C%20J.%20P.%20%282005%29.%20Classification%20and%20nomenclator%20of%20gastropod%20families.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMalacologia%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B47%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281-2%29%2C%201-397.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Classification%20and%20nomenclator%20of%20gastropod%20families%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouchet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rocroi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2222WZ5MYR%22%2C%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-05-14T13%3A36%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WR37PFVC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bouchet%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBouchet%2C%20P.%2C%20Rocroi%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Hausdorf%2C%20B.%2C%20Kaim%2C%20A.%2C%20Kano%2C%20Y.%2C%20N%26%23xFC%3Btzel%2C%20A.%2C%20Parkhaev%2C%20P.%20et%26%23xA0%3Bal.%20%282017%29.%20Revised%20classification%2C%20nomenclator%20and%20typification%20of%20gastropod%20and%20monoplacophoran%20families.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMalacologia%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B61%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281-2%29%2C%201-526.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Revised%20classification%2C%20nomenclator%20and%20typification%20of%20gastropod%20and%20monoplacophoran%20families%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouchet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rocroi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hausdorf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22N%5Cu00fctzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parkhaev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Strong%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%222%2C604%20names%20at%20the%20rank%20of%20subtribe%2C%20tribe%2C%20subfamily%2C%20family%20and%20superfamily%20have%20been%20proposed%20for%20Recent%20and%20fossil%20gastropods%2C%20and%20another%2035%20for%20monoplacophorans.%20All%20names%20are%20listed%20in%20a%20nomenclator%20giving%20full%20bibliographical%20reference%2C%20date%20of%20publication%2C%20typification%2C%20and%20their%20nomenclatural%20availability%20and%20validity%20under%20the%20International%20Code%20of%20Zoological%20Nomenclature.%20Another%20790%20names%2C%20established%20for%20categories%20above%20the%20familygroup%20%28infraorder%20to%20subclass%29%20are%20listed%20separately.%20A%20fully%20ranked%2C%20hierarchical%20classification%20summarizes%20recent%20advances%20in%20the%20phylogeny%20of%20the%20Gastropoda%20and%20Monoplacophora.%20In%20all%2C%20the%20classification%20recognizes%20as%20valid%20a%20total%20of%20721%20gastropod%20families%2C%20of%20which%20245%20are%20known%20exclusively%20as%20fossils%20and%20476%20occur%20in%20the%20Recent%20with%20or%20without%20a%20fossil%20record%3B%20and%2020%20monoplacophoran%20families%2C%20of%20which%201%20only%20occurs%20as%20Recent.%20Nomenclatural%20acts%20in%20this%20work%3A%20Amberleya%20bathonica%20Cox%20%26amp%3B%20Arkell%2C%201950%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Amberleya%20J.%20Morris%20%26amp%3B%20Lycett%2C%201851%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Ampezzopleura%20tenuis%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%201998%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Ampezzopleura%20Bandel%2C%201991%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Proserpina%20nitida%20G.%20B.%20Sowerby%20II%2C%201839%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Despoena%20Newton%2C%201891%3B%20Buccinum%20glabratum%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Dipsaccus%20H.%20Adams%20%26amp%3B%20A.%20Adams%2C%201853%3B%20Murex%20ficus%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Ficula%20Swainson%2C%201835%3B%20Oncomelania%20hupensis%20Gredler%2C%201881%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Hemibia%20Heude%2C%201890%3B%20Murex%20metaxa%20Delle%20Chiaje%2C%201828%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Metaxia%20Monterosato%2C%201884%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Neridomus%20anglicus%20Cox%20%26amp%3B%20Arkell%2C%201950%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Neridomus%20J.%20Morris%20%26amp%3B%20Lycett%2C%201851%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Navicella%20clypeolum%20R%5Cu00e9cluz%2C%201843%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Orthopoma%20Gray%2C%201868%3B%20Trochus%20viadrinus%20M.%20Schmidt%2C%201905%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Parataphrus%20Chavan%2C%201954%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Helix%20pomatia%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Pentataenia%20A.%20Schmidt%2C%201855%3B%20Flammulina%20ponsonbyi%20Suter%2C%201897%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Phenacohelix%20Suter%2C%201892%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Cyrtolites%20corniculum%20Eichwald%2C%201860%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Pollicina%20Koken%2C%201895%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Purpurina%20elegantula%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20designated%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Purpurina%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20and%20lectotype%20of%20Turbo%20bellona%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20designated%20as%20neotype%20of%20Purpurina%20elegantula%3B%20Pyramidella%20minuscula%20Monterosato%2C%201880%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Tiberia%20Jeffreys%2C%201884%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Cyclostoma%20delicatum%20Philippi%2C%201844%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Trachysma%20G.%20O.%20Sars%2C%201878%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Helix%20elegans%20Gmelin%2C%201791%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Trochoidea%20T.%20Brown%2C%201827%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Turritellopsis%20stimpsoni%20Dall%2C%201919%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Turritellopsis%20G.%20O.%20Sars%2C%201878%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Fusus%20averillii%20Gabb%2C%201864%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Volutoderma%20Gabb%2C%201876%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Voluta%20pepo%20Lightfoot%2C%201786%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Yetus%20Bowdich%2C%201822.%20Curnonidae%20d%5Cu2019Udekem%20d%5Cu2019Acoz%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20and%20Curnon%20d%5Cu2019Udekem%20d%5Cu2019Acoz%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20are%20established%20for%20Charcotiidae%20Odhner%2C%201926%2C%20and%20Charcotia%20Vayssi%5Cu00e8re%2C%201906%2C%20%28between%2027%20March%20and%201%20May%29%2C%20non%20Charcotia%20Chevreux%2C%201906%20%28January%29%20%5BAmphipoda%5D%3B%20Yuopisthonematidae%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20and%20Yuopisthonema%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20are%20established%20for%20Opisthonematidae%20Yu%2C%201976%2C%20and%20Opisthonema%20Yu%2C%201974%2C%20non%20Gill%2C%201862%20%5BPisces%5D.%20The%20new%20family-group%20name%20Burnupiidae%20Albrecht%20is%20established%20in%20this%20work%3B%20and%20the%20names%20Scolodontina%20and%20Orthalicoidei%20are%20first%20used%20here%20to%20denote%2C%20respectively%2C%20a%20suborder%20containing%20the%20family%20Scolodontidae%2C%20and%20an%20infraorder%20containing%20the%20superfamily%20Orthalicoidea.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2222WZ5MYR%22%2C%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-07-11T14%3A16%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LHUV94IK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Goodheart%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGoodheart%2C%20J.%2C%20Bazinet%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Collins%2C%20A.%20G.%2C%20Cummings%2C%20M.%20P.%20%282015%29.%20Relationships%20within%20Cladobranchia%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Nudibranchia%29%20based%20on%20RNA-Seq%20data%3A%20an%20initial%20investigation.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BR.%20Soc.%20open%20sci.2%3A%20150196%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsos.150196%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsos.150196%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Relationships%20within%20Cladobranchia%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Nudibranchia%29%20based%20on%20RNA-Seq%20data%3A%20an%20initial%20investigation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodheart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bazinet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cummings%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Cladobranchia%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Nudibranchia%29%20is%20a%20diverse%20%28approx.%201000%20species%29%20but%20understudied%20group%20of%20sea%20slug%20molluscs.%20In%20order%20to%20fully%20comprehend%20the%20diversity%20of%20nudibranchs%20and%20the%20evolution%20of%20character%20traits%20within%20Cladobranchia%2C%20a%20solid%20understanding%20of%20evolutionary%20relationships%20is%20necessary.%20To%20date%2C%20only%20two%20direct%20attempts%20have%20been%20made%20to%20understand%20the%20evolutionary%20relationships%20within%20Cladobranchia%2C%20neither%20of%20which%20resulted%20in%20wellsupported%20phylogenetic%20hypotheses.%20In%20addition%20to%20these%20studies%2C%20several%20others%20have%20addressed%20some%20of%20the%20relationships%20within%20this%20clade%20while%20investigating%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20more%20inclusive%20groups%20%28Nudibranchia%20and%20Euthyneura%29.%20However%2C%20all%20of%20the%20resulting%20phylogenetic%20hypotheses%20contain%20conflicting%20topologies%20within%20Cladobranchia.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20address%20some%20of%20these%20long-standing%20issues%20regarding%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20Cladobranchia%20using%20RNA-Seq%20data%20%28transcriptomes%29.%20We%20sequenced%2016%20transcriptomes%20and%20combined%20these%20with%20four%20transcriptomes%20from%20the%20NCBI%20Sequence%20Read%20Archive.%20Transcript%20assembly%20using%20Trinity%20and%20orthology%20determination%20using%20HAMSTR%20yielded%20839%20orthologous%20groups%20for%20analysis.%20These%20data%20provide%20a%20wellsupported%20and%20almost%20fully%20resolved%20phylogenetic%20hypothesis%20for%20Cladobranchia.%20Our%20results%20support%20the%20monophyly%20of%20Cladobranchia%20and%20the%20sub-clade%20Aeolidida%2C%20but%20reject%20the%20monophyly%20of%20Dendronotida.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frsos.150196%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-18T07%3A46%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222X4YM64B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mahguib%20and%20Vald%5Cu00e9s%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMahguib%2C%20J.%2C%20Vald%26%23xE9%3Bs%2C%20%26%23xC1%3B.%20%282015%29.%20Molecular%20investigation%20of%20the%20phylogenetic%20position%20of%20the%20polar%20nudibranch%20Doridoxa%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Heterobranchia%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPolar%20Biol%20%282015%29%2038%3A1369%26%23x2013%3B1377%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00300-015-1700-5%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00300-015-1700-5%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20investigation%20of%20the%20phylogenetic%20position%20of%20the%20polar%20nudibranch%20Doridoxa%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Heterobranchia%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mahguib%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu00c1%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vald%5Cu00e9s%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20phylogenetic%20position%20of%20the%20polar%20nudibranch%20genus%20Doridoxa%20within%20Nudibranchia%20is%20controversial.%20Because%20Doridoxa%20is%20only%20found%20in%20polar%20deep%20waters%20specimens%20available%20for%20research%20are%20scarce.%20Additionally%2C%20Doridoxa%20possesses%20a%20mixture%20of%20morphological%20traits%20that%20are%20present%20in%20the%20two%20major%20lineages%20of%20nudibranchs%20%28dorids%20and%20cladobranchs%29%2C%20making%20classification%20difficult.%20All%20previous%20classification%20attempts%20were%20based%20on%20the%20careful%20study%20of%20morphological%20characters%20and%20resulted%20in%20conflicting%20classification%20schemes.%20For%20the%20present%20paper%2C%20we%20had%20access%20to%20a%20representative%20specimen%20of%20Doridoxa%20that%20yielded%20clean%20sequences%20of%20two%20mitochondrial%20genes%20%2816S%2C%20CO1%29%20and%20a%20nuclear%20gene%20%28H3%29.%20The%20goal%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20determine%20the%20phylogenetic%20position%20of%20Doridoxa%20within%20Nudibranchia%20using%20molecular%20data.%20Our%20results%20revealed%20that%20Doridoxa%20appears%20to%20be%20a%20member%20of%20Cladobranchia%20and%20therefore%20a%20more%20derived%20group%20of%20nudibranchs%20than%20previously%20considered%20by%20most%20authors.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00300-015-1700-5%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-18T07%3A46%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZMQA2WCB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pola%20and%20Gosliner%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BPola%2C%20M.%2C%20Gosliner%2C%20T.%20M.%20%282010%29.%20The%20first%20molecular%20phylogeny%20of%20cladobranchian%20opisthobranchs%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Nudibranchia%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMolecular%20Phylogenetics%20and%20Evolution%2056%3A%20931-941.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20first%20molecular%20phylogeny%20of%20cladobranchian%20opisthobranchs%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Nudibranchia%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pola%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gosliner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-13T22%3A42%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IM4ETCFK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSchr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%2C%20M.%2C%20W%26%23xE4%3Bgele%2C%20H.%2C%20Willan%2C%20R.%20C.%20%282001%29.%20Taxonomic%20redescription%20of%20the%20doridoxidae%20%28Gastropoda%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%2C%20an%20enigmatic%20family%20of%20deep%20water%20nudibranchs%2C%20with%20discussion%20of%20basal%20nudibranch%20phylogeny.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BZoologischer%20Anzeiger%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B240%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2083-97.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1078%5C%2F0044-5231-00008%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1078%5C%2F0044-5231-00008%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Taxonomic%20redescription%20of%20the%20doridoxidae%20%28Gastropoda%20%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%2C%20an%20enigmatic%20family%20of%20deep%20water%20nudibranchs%2C%20with%20discussion%20of%20basal%20nudibranch%20phylogeny%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20this%20study%2C%20all%20the%20existing%20specimens%20of%20the%20Doridoxidae%20were%20re-examined%3B%20that%20is%20%28a%29%20the%20holotype%20of%20Doridoxa%20ingolfiana%20Bergh%2C%201899%20from%20western%20Greenland%2C%20%28b%29%20a%20specimen%20described%20as%20%26quot%3BD.%20ingolfiana%20var.%3F%26quot%3B%20by%20BERGH%20%281899%29%20from%20Iceland%2C%20%28c%29%20another%20more%20recently%20collected%20specimen%20from%20southern%20Greenland%2C%20which%20was%20serially%20sectioned%20and%20examined%20histologically%20as%20part%20of%20the%20present%20study%2C%20and%20%28d%29%20the%20holotype%20of%20D.%20benthalis%20Barnard%2C%201963.%20Significant%20discrepancies%20between%20the%20first%20three%20of%20these%20specimens%20and%20Bergh%26%23039%3Bs%20original%20description%20of%20D.%20ingolfiana%20are%20apparent%2C%20but%20they%20do%20not%20alter%20our%20opinion%20that%20all%20three%20specimens%20belong%20to%20a%20single%2C%20variable%20species.%20The%20monobasic%20taxon%20D.%20benthalis%20Barnard%2C%201963%20is%20specifically%20distinct%20from%20D.%20ingolfiana.%20BERGH%20%281899%29%20considered%20that%20the%20Doridoxidae%20had%20a%20holohepatic%20digestive%20gland%20%28and%20thus%20was%20a%20member%20of%20the%20Anthobranchia%29.%20Our%20reassessments%2C%20particularly%20those%20concerning%20the%20structure%20of%20the%20digestive%20gland%2C%20branchial%20apparatus%20and%20anal%20site%2C%20indicate%20that%20BERGH%20misunderstood%20the%20form%20and%20polarities%20of%20these%20characters%2C%20and%20that%20the%20Doridoxidae%20must%20be%20relocated%20within%20the%20cladohepatic%20%28i.e.%20actenidiacean%29%20nudibranchs%20as%20its%20first%20offshoot.%20The%20Nudibranchia%20are%20thus%20divided%20into%20two%20major%20clades%3A%20Anthobranchia%20%28%3D%20Bathydoridoidea%20%2B%20Doridoidea%29%20and%20Dexiarchia%20nom.%20nov.%20%28%3D%20Doridoxoidea%20%2B%20Dendronotoidea%20%2B%20Aeolidoidea%20%2B%20%26quot%3BArminoidea%26quot%3B%29.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1078%5C%2F0044-5231-00008%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000169089900009%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220044-5231%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-13T23%3A00%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222N6E5JE9%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Thollesson%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BThollesson%2C%20M.%20%281999%29.%20Phylogenetic%20analysis%20of%20Euthyneura%20%28Gastropoda%29%20by%20means%20of%20the%2016S%20rRNA%20gene%3A%20use%20of%20a%20%26%23xAB%3Bfast%26%23xBB%3B%20gene%20for%20%26%23xAB%3Bhigher-level%26%23xBB%3B%20phylogenies.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BProceedings%20of%20the%20Royal%20Society%20B-Biological%20Sciences%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B266%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281414%29%2C%2075-83.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.1999.0606%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frspb.1999.0606%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phylogenetic%20analysis%20of%20Euthyneura%20%28Gastropoda%29%20by%20means%20of%20the%2016S%20rRNA%20gene%3A%20use%20of%20a%20%27fast%27%20gene%20for%20%27higher-level%27%20phylogenies%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Thollesson%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20phylogeny%20of%20Euthyneura%20is%20analysed%20by%20using%20DNA%20sequences%20of%20the%20mitochondrial%2016S%20rRNA%20gene.%20Despite%20the%20common%20notion%20that%20this%20gene%20is%20too%20variable%20to%20provide%20useful%20information%20at%20high%20taxonomic%20levels%2C%20such%20as%20in%20the%20present%20study%2C%20bootstrap%20proportions%20are%20high%20for%20several%20clades%20in%20the%20study.%20This%20indicates%20that%20there%20is%20a%20useful%20amount%20of%20variation%20despite%20the%20noise%20due%20to%20multiple%20substitutions.%20The%20analyses%20furthermore%20indicate%20that%20%28i%29%20Gymnosomata%20%28represented%20by%20Clione%29%20is%20not%20a%20part%20of%20Euthyneura%2C%20but%20Clione%20forms%20a%20clade%20with%20the%20caenogastropods%3B%20%28ii%29%20Acteon%20is%20the%20sister%20group%20to%20the%20remaining%20euthyneuran%20taxa%20in%20the%20study%3B%20%28iii%29%20the%20nudibranch%20taxa%20form%20two%20clades%2C%20one%20comprising%20Dendronotoidea%2C%20Arminoidea%20and%20Aeolidoidea%20%28together%20Cladobranchia%29%20with%20Notaspidea%20%28represented%20by%20Berthella%29%20as%20sister%20group%2C%20while%20the%20fourth%20nudibranch%20taxon%2C%20Doridoidea%2C%20forms%20a%20separate%20clade%3B%20%28iv%29%20Cephalaspidea%20sensu%20stricto%20and%20Anaspidea%20form%20clades%20that%20are%20each%20other%26%23039%3Bs%20sister%20groups%20%28together%20Pleurocoela%29.%20Finally%2C%20there%20is%20no%20clade%20present%20in%20the%20analyses%20corresponding%20to%20the%20taxon%20Opisthobranchia%20in%20the%20traditional%20sense%2C%20and%20the%20use%20of%20this%20name%20is%20probably%20better%20abandoned%20altogether.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frspb.1999.0606%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000078154000010%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Frspb.royalsocietypublishing.org%5C%2Fcontent%5C%2F266%5C%2F1414%5C%2F75%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220962-8452%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-04-03T07%3A57%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222J2FGD4Z%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%20and%20Willan%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BW%26%23xE4%3Bgele%2C%20H.%2C%20Willan%2C%20R.%20C.%20%282000%29.%20Phylogeny%20of%20the%20Nudibranchia.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BZoological%20Journal%20of%20the%20Linnean%20Society%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B130%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2083-181.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phylogeny%20of%20the%20Nudibranchia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-03-02T16%3A30%3A24Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ISNAQMQA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BW%26%23xE4%3Bgele%2C%20H.%2C%20Klussmann-Kolb%2C%20A.%2C%20Verbeek%2C%20E.%2C%20Schr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%2C%20M.%20%282014%29.%20Flashback%20and%20foreshadowing-a%20review%20of%20the%20taxon%20Opisthobranchia.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BOrganisms%20Diversity%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B14%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20133-149.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs13127-013-0151-5%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs13127-013-0151-5%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Flashback%20and%20foreshadowing-a%20review%20of%20the%20taxon%20Opisthobranchia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klussmann-Kolb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verbeek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Opisthobranchia%20have%20experienced%20an%20unsettled%20taxonomic%20history.%20At%20the%20moment%20their%20taxonomy%20is%20in%20state%20of%20dramatic%20flux%20as%20recent%20phylogenetic%20studies%20have%20revealed%20traditional%20Opisthobranchia%20to%20be%20paraphyletic%20or%20even%20polyphyletic%2C%20allocating%20some%20traditional%20opisthobranch%20taxa%20to%20other%20groups%20of%20Heterobranchia%2C%20e.g.%20Pulmonata.%20Here%20we%20review%20the%20history%20of%20Opisthobranchia%20and%20their%20subgroups%2C%20explain%20their%20traditionally%20proposed%20relationships%2C%20and%20outline%20the%20most%20recent%20phylogenetic%20analyses%20based%20on%20various%20methods%20%28morphology%2C%20single%20gene%20and%20multiple%20gene%20analyses%2C%20as%20well%20as%20genomic%20data%29.%20We%20also%20present%20a%20phylogenetic%20hypothesis%20on%20Heterobranchia%20that%2C%20according%20to%20the%20latest%20results%2C%20represents%20a%20consensus%20and%20is%20the%20most%20probable%20one%20available%20to%20date.%20The%20proposed%20phylogeny%20supports%20the%20Acteonoidea%20outside%20of%20monophyletic%20Euthyneura%2C%20the%20basal%20euthyneuran%20split%20into%20Nudipleura%20%28Nudibranchia%20plus%20Pleurobranchoidea%29%20and%20the%20recently%20established%20taxon%20Tectipleura.%20The%20latter%20divides%20into%20the%20Euopisthobranchia%2C%20containing%20most%20of%20the%20major%20traditional%20opisthobranch%20clades%2C%20and%20the%20Panpulmonata%2C%20with%20a%20mix%20of%20the%20former%20opisthobranch%2C%20putative%20allogastropod%20and%20pulmonate%20taxa.%20This%20%26quot%3Bnew%20euthyneuran%20tree%26quot%3B%20rejects%20the%20traditional%20taxa%20Opisthobranchia%20and%20Pulmonata%2C%20and%2C%20in%20particular%2C%20has%20profound%20implications%20for%20preconceived%20textbook%20scenarios%20of%20opisthobranch%20and%20pulmonate%20evolution%2C%20which%20must%20now%20be%20reconsidered.%20In%20the%20absence%20of%20systematic%20barriers%2C%20research%20communities-which%20have%20traditionally%20investigated%20marine%20and%20non-marine%20heterobranchs%20separately-need%20to%20interact%20and%20finally%20merge%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20science.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs13127-013-0151-5%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000332585400012%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdownload.springer.com%5C%2Fstatic%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2F914%5C%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs13127-013-0151-5.pdf%3Fauth66%3D1415872690_e1e5bd749ca16750a7903ef8ce7450f0%26ext%3D.pdf%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdownload.springer.com%5C%2Fstatic%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2F914%5C%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs13127-013-0151-5.pdf%3Fauth66%3D1416029274_51059fbce0a06e737664b7ec9595b22e%26ext%3D.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221439-6092%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2222WZ5MYR%22%2C%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-26T09%3A39%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22VWBMBSNR%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wollscheid%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221998%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWollscheid%2C%20E.%20%281998%29.%20Phylogeny%20of%20the%20Nudibranchia%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%20based%20on%2018S%20rDNA%20and%2016S%20mtDNA.%20Abstracts%2C%20World%20Congress%20of%20Malacology%2C%20Washington%2C%20D.C.%2C%201998%3A358.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phylogeny%20of%20the%20Nudibranchia%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%20based%20on%2018S%20rDNA%20and%2016S%20mtDNA.%20Abstracts%2C%20World%20Congress%20of%20Malacology%2C%20Washington%2C%20D.C.%2C%201998%3A358.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wollscheid%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221998%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-13T22%3A45%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22HSGT8AWA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Wollscheid-Lengeling%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BWollscheid-Lengeling%2C%20E.%2C%20Boore%2C%20J.%2C%20Brown%2C%20W.%2C%20W%26%23xE4%3Bgele%2C%20H.%20%282001%29.%20The%20phylogeny%20of%20Nudibranchia%20%28Opisthobranchia%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Mollusca%29%20reconstructed%20by%20three%20molecular%20markers.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BOrganisms%20Diversity%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B1%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%20241-256.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1078%5C%2F1439-6092-00022%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1078%5C%2F1439-6092-00022%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20phylogeny%20of%20Nudibranchia%20%28Opisthobranchia%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Mollusca%29%20reconstructed%20by%20three%20molecular%20markers%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wollscheid-Lengeling%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Boore%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22W.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brown%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20phylogeny%20of%20the%20Nudibranchia%20and%20its%20major%20constituent%20taxa%20is%20investigated%20by%20comparing%20the%20complete%20sequences%20of%20the%2018S%20rDNA%20of%2054%20species%2C%20a%20part%20of%20the%2016S%20rDNA%20of%2038%20species%20and%20part%20of%20cytochrome%20c%20oxidase%20l%20%28cox1%29%20of%2045%20species%2C%20These%20datasets%20are%20analyzed%20individually%20and%20in%20combination%20for%20the%20subset%20of%20taxa%20where%20information%20on%20all%20three%20markers%20is%20available.%20The%20results%20are%20compared%20to%20published%20cladistic%20analyses%20based%20on%20morphological%20data.%20The%20monophyly%20of%20the%20Nudibranchia%20and%20the%20monophyly%20of%20its%20two%20major%20groups%2C%20the%20Anthobranchia%5C%2FDoridoidea%20and%20Cladobranchia%2C%20is%20confirmed.%20Incongruencies%20between%20the%20molecular%20and%20morphological%20data%20is%20discussed%2C%20as%20well%20as%20incongruencies%20between%20the%20three%20molecular%20markers.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1078%5C%2F1439-6092-00022%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000173466300001%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fac.els-cdn.com%5C%2FS1439609204700215%5C%2F1-s2.0-S1439609204700215-main.pdf%3F_tid%3D0d18452c-6b1d-11e4-a657-00000aab0f26%26acdnat%3D1415873504_f326b6728d2ce831c97739dd363296f2%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221439-6092%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222025-02-14T12%3A25%3A11Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-6KQRBXMG\" data-zp-author-date='Bouchet-and-Rocroi-2005' data-zp-date-author='2005-Bouchet-and-Rocroi' data-zp-date='2005' data-zp-year='2005' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. <i>Malacologia<\/i>, <i>47<\/i>(1-2), 1-397.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-WR37PFVC\" data-zp-author-date='Bouchet-et-al.-2017' data-zp-date-author='2017-Bouchet-et-al.' data-zp-date='2017' data-zp-year='2017' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., N\u00fctzel, A., Parkhaev, P. et\u00a0al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. <i>Malacologia<\/i>, <i>61<\/i>(1-2), 1-526.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-LHUV94IK\" data-zp-author-date='Goodheart-et-al.-2015' data-zp-date-author='2015-Goodheart-et-al.' data-zp-date='2015' data-zp-year='2015' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Goodheart, J., Bazinet, A. L., Collins, A. G., Cummings, M. P. (2015). Relationships within Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) based on RNA-Seq data: an initial investigation. <i>R. Soc. open sci.2: 150196<\/i>. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.150196&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.150196<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-2X4YM64B\" data-zp-author-date='Mahguib-and-Vald\u00e9s-2015' data-zp-date-author='2015-Mahguib-and-Vald\u00e9s' data-zp-date='2015' data-zp-year='2015' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Mahguib, J., Vald\u00e9s, \u00c1. (2015). Molecular investigation of the phylogenetic position of the polar nudibranch Doridoxa (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia). <i>Polar Biol (2015) 38:1369\u20131377<\/i>. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00300-015-1700-5&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00300-015-1700-5<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-ZMQA2WCB\" data-zp-author-date='Pola-and-Gosliner-2010' data-zp-date-author='2010-Pola-and-Gosliner' data-zp-date='2010' data-zp-year='2010' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pola, M., Gosliner, T. M. (2010). The first molecular phylogeny of cladobranchian opisthobranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia). <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 931-941.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-IM4ETCFK\" data-zp-author-date='Schr\u00f6dl-et-al.-2001' data-zp-date-author='2001-Schr\u00f6dl-et-al.' data-zp-date='2001' data-zp-year='2001' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Schr\u00f6dl, M., W\u00e4gele, H., Willan, R. C. (2001). Taxonomic redescription of the doridoxidae (Gastropoda\u202f: Opisthobranchia), an enigmatic family of deep water nudibranchs, with discussion of basal nudibranch phylogeny. <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger<\/i>, <i>240<\/i>(1), 83-97. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0044-5231-00008&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0044-5231-00008<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-2N6E5JE9\" data-zp-author-date='Thollesson-1999' data-zp-date-author='1999-Thollesson' data-zp-date='1999' data-zp-year='1999' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Thollesson, M. (1999). Phylogenetic analysis of Euthyneura (Gastropoda) by means of the 16S rRNA gene: use of a \u00abfast\u00bb gene for \u00abhigher-level\u00bb phylogenies. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences<\/i>, <i>266<\/i>(1414), 75-83. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1999.0606&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1999.0606<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-2J2FGD4Z\" data-zp-author-date='W\u00e4gele-and-Willan-2000' data-zp-date-author='2000-W\u00e4gele-and-Willan' data-zp-date='2000' data-zp-year='2000' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">W\u00e4gele, H., Willan, R. C. (2000). Phylogeny of the Nudibranchia. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/i>, <i>130<\/i>(1), 83-181. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-ISNAQMQA\" data-zp-author-date='W\u00e4gele-et-al.-2014' data-zp-date-author='2014-W\u00e4gele-et-al.' data-zp-date='2014' data-zp-year='2014' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">W\u00e4gele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Verbeek, E., Schr\u00f6dl, M. (2014). Flashback and foreshadowing-a review of the taxon Opisthobranchia. <i>Organisms Diversity & Evolution<\/i>, <i>14<\/i>(1), 133-149. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13127-013-0151-5&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13127-013-0151-5<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-VWBMBSNR\" data-zp-author-date='Wollscheid-1998' data-zp-date-author='1998-Wollscheid' data-zp-date='1998' data-zp-year='1998' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Wollscheid, E. (1998). Phylogeny of the Nudibranchia (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) based on 18S rDNA and 16S mtDNA. Abstracts, World Congress of Malacology, Washington, D.C., 1998:358.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-235-1246567-HSGT8AWA\" data-zp-author-date='Wollscheid-Lengeling-et-al.-2001' data-zp-date-author='2001-Wollscheid-Lengeling-et-al.' data-zp-date='2001' data-zp-year='2001' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Wollscheid-Lengeling, E., Boore, J., Brown, W., W\u00e4gele, H. (2001). The phylogeny of Nudibranchia (Opisthobranchia, Gastropoda, Mollusca) reconstructed by three molecular markers. <i>Organisms Diversity & Evolution<\/i>, <i>1<\/i>(4), 241-256. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/1439-6092-00022&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/1439-6092-00022<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n<p><\/p>Bibliografia basada en els treballs de <b>Steve Long, 2006<\/b>. <a target=_blank href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Long-S.-2006-Bibliography-of-Opisthobranchia-1554-2000.pdf>Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000<\/a> i <b>Gary McDonald, 2009<\/b>. <a href=http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8115h0wz>Bibliographia Nudibranchia<\/a>, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d\u00b4altres fonts.<p><\/p><\/ul><p><\/p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Els nudibranquis son un grup de llimacs de mar que inclou els tradicionals nudibranquis cladohep\u00e0tics (eolidacis, arminacis i dendronotacis), m\u00e9s l\u2019enigm\u00e0tic grup dels Doridoxidae, tots ells caracteritzats per tenir l\u2019anus en posici\u00f3 lateral dreta i la gl\u00e0ndula digestiva m\u00e9s o menys ramificada. Nudibranchia \u00e9s grup molt divers de mol\u00b7luscs marins que inclou aproximadament 1000 esp\u00e8cies, si b\u00e9 la manca d\u2019estudis d\u00f3na com a resultat que aquest grup sigui poc conegut.\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/\">Continua llegint<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":291,"featured_media":4633,"parent":185,"menu_order":1026,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-235","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/235","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/291"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=235"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/235\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":47763,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/235\/revisions\/47763"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/185"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4633"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=235"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}