{"id":25094,"date":"2018-02-11T11:35:43","date_gmt":"2018-02-11T10:35:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/?page_id=25094"},"modified":"2026-11-03T16:39:18","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T15:39:18","slug":"pteropoda","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/","title":{"rendered":"Pteropoda"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Els Pteropoda, coneguts habitualment com a papallones de mar i \u00e0ngels de mar, s\u00f3n un grup de mol\u00b7luscs gaster\u00f2podes marins adaptats a la vida a la columna d&#8217;aigua. A difer\u00e8ncia de la majoria dels gaster\u00f2podes, que es desplacen pel fons mar\u00ed mitjan\u00e7ant un peu muscular, els pter\u00f2podes han desenvolupat unes expansions del peu en forma d&#8217;ales, anomenades parapodis, que utilitzen per nedar. El seu nom prov\u00e9 dels mots grecs pteron (ala) i pous (peu), en refer\u00e8ncia a aquestes estructures caracter\u00edstiques. Pertanyen als gaster\u00f2podes heterobranquis i inclouen alguns dels mol\u00b7luscs m\u00e9s especialitzats que habiten a mar obert.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/15442854?color=ffffff&amp;title=0&amp;byline=0&amp;portrait=0\" width=\"800\" height=\"500\" frameborder=\"0\" allowfullscreen=\"allowfullscreen\"><\/iframe><br \/>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/15442854\">Pteropods &#8211; Swimming Mollusks<\/a> de\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\/parafilms\">Parafilms<\/a>\u00a0a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/vimeo.com\">Vimeo<\/a>.<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Els pter\u00f2podes es troben en ambients marins d&#8217;arreu del m\u00f3n, des de les aig\u00fces polars fins als mars tropicals. Moltes esp\u00e8cies viuen a mar obert, on constitueixen un component important de les comunitats planct\u00f2niques. Algunes habiten les aig\u00fces superficials, mentre que d&#8217;altres fan migracions verticals a trav\u00e9s de la columna d&#8217;aigua, sovint apropant-se a la superf\u00edcie durant la nit per alimentar-se i tornant a aig\u00fces m\u00e9s profundes durant el dia. La seva mida petita i el cos, sovint delicat i transl\u00facid, en dificulten l&#8217;observaci\u00f3 en el medi natural, tot i que poden apar\u00e8ixer en mostres de pl\u00e0ncton o ser observats ocasionalment per bussejadors.<\/p>\n<p>Tradicionalment, els pter\u00f2podes s&#8217;han dividit en dos grans grups: els Thecosomata, coneguts com a papallones de mar, i els Gymnosomata, coneguts com a \u00e0ngels de mar. Els tecosomats solen presentar una conquilla externa prima, que pot ser enrotllada, c\u00f2nica o globosa, i utilitzen els parapodis en forma d&#8217;ales per nedar. Els gimnosomats, en canvi, no tenen conquilla externa en la fase adulta i presenten un cos m\u00e9s allargat i, sovint, transparent. Els seus parapodis estan adaptats a la nataci\u00f3 activa, i moltes esp\u00e8cies s\u00f3n depredadores especialitzades d&#8217;altres pter\u00f2podes, especialment de les papallones de mar amb conquilla. Aquestes difer\u00e8ncies reflecteixen la diversitat de formes corporals i estrat\u00e8gies aliment\u00e0ries del grup.<\/p>\n<p>Els pter\u00f2podes presenten una gran varietat d&#8217;h\u00e0bits alimentaris. Molts tecosomats s\u00f3n organismes filtradors que capturen petites part\u00edcules d&#8217;aliment, incl\u00f2s el fitopl\u00e0ncton, mitjan\u00e7ant xarxes mucoses que produeixen i despleguen a l&#8217;aigua. Els gimnosomats s\u00f3n predominantment carn\u00edvors i depreden sobre altres organismes planct\u00f2nics, especialment tecosomats. A trav\u00e9s d&#8217;aquestes relacions aliment\u00e0ries, els pter\u00f2podes participen en les xarxes tr\u00f2fiques marines i transfereixen energia entre els organismes del pl\u00e0ncton i els depredadors de mida m\u00e9s gran, com ara peixos i altres animals marins.<\/p>\n<p>Un dels aspectes m\u00e9s destacats de la biologia dels pter\u00f2podes \u00e9s la seva relaci\u00f3 amb la qu\u00edmica oce\u00e0nica. Molts tecosomats construeixen les seves conquilles amb aragonita, una forma de carbonat de calci especialment susceptible a la dissoluci\u00f3 quan augmenta l&#8217;acidesa de l&#8217;aigua de mar. L&#8217;acidificaci\u00f3 oce\u00e0nica, provocada en gran part per l&#8217;absorci\u00f3 de di\u00f2xid de carboni atmosf\u00e8ric, pot dificultar la formaci\u00f3 de les conquilles i augmentar el risc que es dissolguin. At\u00e8s que els pter\u00f2podes s\u00f3n abundants en alguns ecosistemes marins i constitueixen una font important d&#8217;aliment per a altres animals, els canvis en les seves poblacions poden tenir conseq\u00fc\u00e8ncies per al conjunt de les xarxes tr\u00f2fiques oce\u00e0niques.<\/p>\n<p>Els pter\u00f2podes s&#8217;han estudiat tradicionalment com un grup diferenciat de gaster\u00f2podes, per\u00f2 les investigacions moleculars han contribu\u00eft a comprendre millor les seves relacions evolutives dins dels Heterobranchia. Les seves estructures especialitzades per nedar, les diverses estrat\u00e8gies aliment\u00e0ries i les adaptacions a la vida pel\u00e0gica il\u00b7lustren com els gaster\u00f2podes han evolucionat per ocupar h\u00e0bitats molt allunyats del fons mar\u00ed. Tot i que s\u00f3n petits i sovint passen desapercebuts, els pter\u00f2podes constitueixen un component important de la biodiversitat marina i s\u00f3n indicadors valuosos dels canvis ambientals que afecten els oceans del m\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>La classificaci\u00f3 actual dels Pter\u00f2podes, segons WoRMS \u00e9s:<\/p>\n    <style>\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader {\n            display: flex;\n            gap: 4px;\n            align-items: center;\n            justify-content: center;\n            height: 24px;\n            margin-bottom: 1em;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span {\n            display: block;\n            width: 4px;\n            height: 16px;\n            background: currentColor;\n            animation: opkTaxonomyBarPulse 1.2s infinite ease-in-out;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(1) { animation-delay: 0s; }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.2s; }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(3) { 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fetch(\"https:\\\/\\\/opistobranquis.info\\\/wp-admin\\\/admin-ajax.php?action=opk_load_taxonomy_tree&slug&taxon&max_rank=Family&lang=ca\", { credentials: 'same-origin' })\n            .then(function (response) {\n                if (!response.ok) throw new Error('HTTP ' + response.status);\n                return response.text();\n            })\n            .then(function (html) {\n                container.innerHTML = html;\n            })\n            .catch(function () {\n                container.textContent = '\u26a0\ufe0f';\n            });\n    })();\n    <\/script>\n    \n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Aquests son els diferents subgrups de Pteropods:<\/p>\n<p>\n    <div\n        class=\"autonav-grid autonav-columns-3\"\n    >\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/euthecosomata\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"324\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/Styliola-subula-7-mm-Pacific-population-by-Pauline-Fiene-seaslugsofhawaii.com_.jpg?fit=500%2C324&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Styliola subula 7 mm (Pacific population) by Pauline Fiene seaslugsofhawaii.com\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/Styliola-subula-7-mm-Pacific-population-by-Pauline-Fiene-seaslugsofhawaii.com_.jpg?w=500&amp;ssl=1 500w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/Styliola-subula-7-mm-Pacific-population-by-Pauline-Fiene-seaslugsofhawaii.com_.jpg?resize=150%2C97&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/Styliola-subula-7-mm-Pacific-population-by-Pauline-Fiene-seaslugsofhawaii.com_.jpg?resize=300%2C194&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" data-attachment-id=\"14796\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/euthecosomata\/styliola-subula\/styliola-subula-7-mm-pacific-population-by-pauline-fiene-seaslugsofhawaii-com\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/Styliola-subula-7-mm-Pacific-population-by-Pauline-Fiene-seaslugsofhawaii.com_.jpg?fit=500%2C324&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"500,324\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Styliola subula 7 mm (Pacific population)  by Pauline Fiene seaslugsofhawaii.com\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Styliola subula 7 mm (Pacific population)  by Pauline Fiene seaslugsofhawaii.com&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Styliola subula 7 mm (Pacific population)  by Pauline Fiene seaslugsofhawaii.com&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/03\/Styliola-subula-7-mm-Pacific-population-by-Pauline-Fiene-seaslugsofhawaii.com_.jpg?fit=500%2C324&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Euthecosomata                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?fit=650%2C394&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Corolla spectabilis\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?w=650&amp;ssl=1 650w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?resize=300%2C181&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" data-attachment-id=\"4241\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/corolla-spectabilis\/corolla-spectabilis-2-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?fit=650%2C394&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"650,394\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Corolla spectabilis\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Corolla spectabilis&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Corolla spectabilis&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?fit=650%2C394&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Pseudothecosomata                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Clione-limacina-2.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Clione limacina by Manuel Ballesteros\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Clione-limacina-2.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Clione-limacina-2.jpg?resize=150%2C99&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Clione-limacina-2.jpg?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" data-attachment-id=\"8578\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/clione-limacina\/clione-limacina-2-3\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Clione-limacina-2.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,533\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Clione limacina by Manuel Ballesteros\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Clione limacina by Manuel Ballesteros&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Clione limacina by Manuel Ballesteros&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/Clione-limacina-2.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Gymnosomata                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n    <\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Els Pteropoda, coneguts habitualment com a papallones de mar i \u00e0ngels de mar, s\u00f3n un grup de mol\u00b7luscs gaster\u00f2podes marins adaptats a la vida a la columna d&#8217;aigua. A difer\u00e8ncia de la majoria dels gaster\u00f2podes, que es desplacen pel fons mar\u00ed mitjan\u00e7ant un peu muscular, els pter\u00f2podes han desenvolupat unes expansions del peu en forma d&#8217;ales, anomenades parapodis, que utilitzen per nedar. El seu nom prov\u00e9 dels mots grecs pteron\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/\">Continua llegint<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":17103,"parent":185,"menu_order":1029,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-25094","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25094","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25094"}],"version-history":[{"count":13,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25094\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49027,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25094\/revisions\/49027"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/185"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/17103"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25094"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}