{"id":25096,"date":"2018-02-11T11:46:41","date_gmt":"2018-02-11T10:46:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/?page_id=25096"},"modified":"2025-10-29T16:27:21","modified_gmt":"2025-10-29T15:27:21","slug":"pseudothecosomata","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/","title":{"rendered":"Pseudothecosomata"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Els Pseudothecosomata s\u00f3n opistobranquis pel\u00e0gics, nedadors i holoplanct\u00f2nics que passen tota la seva vida en fase planct\u00f2nica. El seu nom es refereix a que tenen el cos protegit per una conquilla cartilaginosa o theca (caixa en grec). Com una adaptaci\u00f3 a la vida pel\u00e0gica, els pseudothecosomata tenen expansions del peu que els permeten usar-les com a aletes natat\u00f2ries. Per aquesta ra\u00f3, comunament es diuen papallones de mar.<\/p>\n<p>La conquilla de consist\u00e8ncia cartilaginosa es diu pseudoconquilla i es considera interna perqu\u00e8 est\u00e0 coberta per un epiteli molt fi; aquest pseudoconquilla \u00e9s semitransparent i t\u00e9 una forma corba que permet acomodar la massa visceral de l&#8217;animal. Algunes esp\u00e8cies de la fam\u00edlia Desmopteridae no tenen cap tipus de conquilla.<\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><div id=\"featured-img-id\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?w=900&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Corolla spectabilis\" \/><\/div><em>Corolla spectabilis<\/em>, un\u00a0<em>Pseudothecosomata<\/em> t\u00edpic<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>El cap dels pseudothecosomata t\u00e9 un parell de tentacles, anomenats rin\u00f2fors, amb finalitats olfactives. La cavitat del mantell est\u00e0 ben desenvolupada en aquest grup, per\u00f2 nom\u00e9s algunes esp\u00e8cies, com el g\u00e8nere <em>Peracle<\/em>, tenen una br\u00e0nquia. Altres esp\u00e8cies poden respirar a trav\u00e9s de l&#8217;epiteli del mantell. La radula t\u00e9 entre 3 i 5 dents per filera i el tracte digestiu t\u00e9 algun tipus de plaques masticat\u00f2ries per moldre els aliments ingerits.<\/p>\n<p>Els pseudotecosomats s&#8217;alimenten de pl\u00e0ncton capturat amb el seg\u00fcent m\u00e8tode: l&#8217;epiteli del mantell i les aletes secreten una gran quantitat de moc, formant una extensa xarxa mucosa de fins a 2 m de llarg flotant al voltant de l&#8217;animal, les part\u00edcules d&#8217;aliment s\u00f3n retingudes en aquesta xarxa i l&#8217;animal simplement recol\u00b7lecta i s&#8217;empassa la xarxa mucosa de tant en tant.<\/p>\n<p>Els pseudotecosomats, com moltes esp\u00e8cies de pl\u00e0ncton mar\u00ed, generalment tenen una \u00e0mplia distribuci\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica que dep\u00e8n en gran mesura dels corrents oce\u00e0nics. Es poden trobar des d&#8217;aig\u00fces polars fins mars tropicals, per\u00f2 hi ha canvis freq\u00fcents en la mida i la morfologia de moltes esp\u00e8cies relacionades amb la seva ubicaci\u00f3 geogr\u00e0fica, el que ha portat a considerar formes o subesp\u00e8cies. A la costa catalana es citen principalment pseudoconquilles buides trobades a les platges despr\u00e9s de les tempestes o captures ocasionals pels vaixells comercials d&#8217;arrossegament.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Classificaci\u00f3<br \/>\n<\/strong>La classificaci\u00f3 actual dels Pseudothecosomata, segons el darrer treball de Bouchet et al.(2017) \u00e9s:<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pseudothecosomata Meisenheimer, 1905<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Cymbulioidea Gray, 1840\n<ul>\n<li>Cymbuliidae Gray, 1840\n<ul>\n<li>Cymbuliinae Gray, 1840\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cymbulia<\/em>\u00a0F. P\u00e9ron &amp; Lesueur, 1810<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Glebinae van der Spoel, 1976\n<ul>\n<li><em>Corolla<\/em>\u00a0Dall, 1871<\/li>\n<li><em>Gleba<\/em>\u00a0Forssk\u00e5l, 1776<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Desmopteridae Chun, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Desmopterus<\/em>\u00a0Chun, 1889<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Peraclidae Tesch, 1913\n<ul>\n<li><em>Peracle<\/em>\u00a0Forbes, 1844<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Algunes esp\u00e8cies de Pseudothecosomata citades a la Mediterr\u00e0nia o a la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e8rica:<br \/>\n<\/strong>\r\n    <div\r\n        class=\"autonav-grid autonav-columns-3\"\r\n    >\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/corolla-spectabilis\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"394\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?fit=650%2C394&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Corolla spectabilis\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?w=650&amp;ssl=1 650w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?resize=300%2C181&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" data-attachment-id=\"4241\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/corolla-spectabilis\/corolla-spectabilis-2-2\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?fit=650%2C394&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"650,394\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Corolla spectabilis\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Corolla spectabilis&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Corolla spectabilis&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/corolla-spectabilis.jpg?fit=650%2C394&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Corolla spectabilis                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/cymbulia-peronii\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"534\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/th_Cymbulia-peronii-G1b.jpg?fit=800%2C534&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Cymbulia peronii by Gilles Cavignaux\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/th_Cymbulia-peronii-G1b.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/th_Cymbulia-peronii-G1b.jpg?resize=150%2C100&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/th_Cymbulia-peronii-G1b.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" data-attachment-id=\"13912\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/cymbulia-peronii\/th_cymbulia-peronii-g1b\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/th_Cymbulia-peronii-G1b.jpg?fit=800%2C534&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,534\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Cymbulia peronii by Gilles Cavignaux\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Cymbulia peronii by Gilles Cavignaux&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Cymbulia peronii by Gilles Cavignaux&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/th_Cymbulia-peronii-G1b.jpg?fit=800%2C534&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Cymbulia peronii                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/peracle-reticulata\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"512\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Peracle-reticulata-by-Russell-Hopcroft.jpg?fit=800%2C512&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Peracle reticulata by Russell Hopcroft\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Peracle-reticulata-by-Russell-Hopcroft.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Peracle-reticulata-by-Russell-Hopcroft.jpg?resize=150%2C96&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Peracle-reticulata-by-Russell-Hopcroft.jpg?resize=300%2C192&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" data-attachment-id=\"25112\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/peracle-reticulata\/peracle-reticulata-by-russell-hopcroft\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Peracle-reticulata-by-Russell-Hopcroft.jpg?fit=800%2C512&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,512\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Peracle reticulata by Russell Hopcroft\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Peracle reticulata by Russell Hopcroft&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Peracle reticulata by Russell Hopcroft&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/02\/Peracle-reticulata-by-Russell-Hopcroft.jpg?fit=800%2C512&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Peracle reticulata                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    <\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Bibliografia<\/strong><\/p><ul><div id=\"zotpress-aa6af9b3288a252b600c53f560009aa3\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID ZP_ATTR\">1246567<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID ZP_ATTR\">Pseudothecosomata<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT ZP_ATTR\">50<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">creator<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span 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id=\"zp-ID-25096-1246567-6KQRBXMG\" data-zp-author-date='Bouchet-and-Rocroi-2005' data-zp-date-author='2005-Bouchet-and-Rocroi' data-zp-date='2005' data-zp-year='2005' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. <i>Malacologia<\/i>, <i>47<\/i>(1-2), 1-397.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-25096-1246567-WR37PFVC\" data-zp-author-date='Bouchet-et-al.-2017' data-zp-date-author='2017-Bouchet-et-al.' data-zp-date='2017' data-zp-year='2017' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., N\u00fctzel, A., Parkhaev, P. et\u00a0al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. <i>Malacologia<\/i>, <i>61<\/i>(1-2), 1-526.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n<p><\/p>Bibliografia basada en els treballs de <b>Steve Long, 2006<\/b>. <a target=_blank href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Long-S.-2006-Bibliography-of-Opisthobranchia-1554-2000.pdf>Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000<\/a> i <b>Gary McDonald, 2009<\/b>. <a href=http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8115h0wz>Bibliographia Nudibranchia<\/a>, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d\u00b4altres fonts.<p><\/p><\/ul><p><\/p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Els Pseudothecosomata s\u00f3n opistobranquis pel\u00e0gics, nedadors i holoplanct\u00f2nics que passen tota la seva vida en fase planct\u00f2nica. El seu nom es refereix a que tenen el cos protegit per una conquilla cartilaginosa o theca (caixa en grec). Com una adaptaci\u00f3 a la vida pel\u00e0gica, els pseudothecosomata tenen expansions del peu que els permeten usar-les com a aletes natat\u00f2ries. Per aquesta ra\u00f3, comunament es diuen papallones de mar. La conquilla de\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/pteropoda\/pseudothecosomata\/\">Continua llegint<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":4241,"parent":25094,"menu_order":1033,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-25096","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25096","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=25096"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25096\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":47775,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25096\/revisions\/47775"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25094"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/4241"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=25096"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}