{"id":7687,"date":"2013-08-29T11:01:44","date_gmt":"2013-08-29T09:01:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/gnathodoridacea"},"modified":"2026-11-05T09:33:33","modified_gmt":"2026-11-05T08:33:33","slug":"bathydoridoidei","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/doridina\/bathydoridoidei\/","title":{"rendered":"Bathydoridoidei"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Els Bathydoridoidei s\u00f3n un petit grup de nudibranquis marins especialitzats en la vida en aig\u00fces profundes. S\u00f3n mol\u00b7luscs gastr\u00f2podes heterobranquis de cos tou i sense conquilla externa en l\u2019estadi adult, que formen un llinatge molt diferenciat dins dels nudibranquis doridacis. A difer\u00e8ncia de la majoria de nudibranquis coneguts pels bussejadors, els Bathydoridoidei viuen en ambients profunds, generalment sense llum, i no formen part de la fauna observable durant les immersions convencionals.<\/p>\n<span style=\"font-size:10pt;\" class=\"aligncenter\"><div id=\"featured-img-id\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/08\/Bathydoris_aioca_500.jpg?w=900&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Bathydoris aioca\" \/><\/div><center><em>Bathydoris aioca<\/em> per OPK<\/center><\/span><p><\/p>\n<p>Els Bathydoridoidei estan associats al mar profund i s\u2019han trobat a grans fond\u00e0ries, tant en regions polars com en altres zones dels oceans. Algunes esp\u00e8cies de <em>Bathydoris<\/em> han estat documentades a m\u00e9s de 2.000 metres de profunditat, i <em>Bathydoris aioca<\/em> s\u2019ha observat a uns 2.900 metres al nord-est del Pac\u00edfic. Aquestes profunditats corresponen a ambients on la llum solar no arriba i on les comunitats bent\u00f2niques estan sotmeses a unes condicions ambientals molt diferents de les dels ecosistemes costaners.<\/p>\n<p>La seva morfologia presenta diverses caracter\u00edstiques pr\u00f2pies dels nudibranquis doridacis, per\u00f2 tamb\u00e9 trets que els diferencien d\u2019altres grups. El cos pot ser relativament gran i robust, amb una superf\u00edcie dorsal sovint coberta de petits tubercles. Al cap presenten rin\u00f2fors, que actuen com a \u00f2rgans sensorials qu\u00edmics, i a la part posterior del cos disposen d\u2019estructures branquials externes. La cavitat bucal presenta, a m\u00e9s, unes fortes mand\u00edbules laterals quitinoses, un dels car\u00e0cters que ha contribu\u00eft a diferenciar aquest llinatge dels Doridoidei.<\/p>\n<p>La biologia dels Bathydoridoidei \u00e9s encara poc coneguda, en bona part perqu\u00e8 el seu h\u00e0bitat fa que siguin dif\u00edcils de mostrejar. Els exemplars estudiats han estat obtinguts principalment mitjan\u00e7ant dragues, expedicions oceanogr\u00e0fiques i vehicles submarins capa\u00e7os d\u2019arribar a grans profunditats. En algunes esp\u00e8cies s\u2019han trobat restes d\u2019organismes bent\u00f2nics al tub digestiu, cosa que indica que poden alimentar-se de diferents recursos disponibles al fons mar\u00ed. En <em>Bathydoris hodgsoni<\/em>, per exemple, s\u2019ha interpretat una alimentaci\u00f3 generalista i oportunista a partir de l\u2019estudi del contingut estomacal.<\/p>\n<p>La vida en ambients profunds i af\u00f2tics comporta unes condicions ecol\u00f2giques molt diferents de les que trobem als ecosistemes litorals. En abs\u00e8ncia de llum solar, la producci\u00f3 prim\u00e0ria fotosint\u00e8tica no pot sostenir directament aquestes comunitats i els organismes depenen de la mat\u00e8ria org\u00e0nica que arriba des de les capes superiors o de la producci\u00f3 associada a altres processos del mar profund. Els Bathydoridoidei formen part d\u2019aquestes comunitats bent\u00f2niques i representen una de les adaptacions dels nudibranquis a h\u00e0bitats que queden molt m\u00e9s enll\u00e0 de la zona habitual d\u2019observaci\u00f3 humana.<\/p>\n<p>Des d\u2019un punt de vista evolutiu, els Bathydoridoidei s\u00f3n especialment interessants perqu\u00e8 constitueixen un llinatge profundament diferenciat dins dels nudibranquis. Els estudis anat\u00f2mics i moleculars els situen com un grup proper als Doridoidei, per\u00f2 amb una combinaci\u00f3 pr\u00f2pia de car\u00e0cters morfol\u00f2gics. La seva especialitzaci\u00f3 en ambients profunds mostra que la diversificaci\u00f3 dels nudibranquis no es va limitar a les zones costaneres il\u00b7luminades, sin\u00f3 que tamb\u00e9 va donar lloc a llinatges adaptats a les comunitats del mar profund.<\/p>\n<p>Els Bathydoridoidei constitueixen, per tant, una fracci\u00f3 molt poc coneguda de la diversitat dels nudibranquis. El seu h\u00e0bitat profund, sovint a milers de metres sota la superf\u00edcie, fa que siguin pr\u00e0cticament inaccessibles per a l\u2019observaci\u00f3 directa i que el coneixement sobre la seva biologia i distribuci\u00f3 depengui principalment de les expedicions oceanogr\u00e0fiques. L\u2019estudi de les comunitats bent\u00f2niques profundes i l\u2019\u00fas de vehicles submarins continuen aportant noves dades sobre aquest singular grup de llimacs marins.<\/p>\n<p>La taxonomia dels Bathydoridoidei segons WoRMS \u00e9s:<\/p>\n<p>    <style>\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader {\n            display: flex;\n            gap: 4px;\n            align-items: center;\n            justify-content: center;\n            height: 24px;\n            margin-bottom: 1em;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span {\n            display: block;\n            width: 4px;\n            height: 16px;\n            background: currentColor;\n            animation: opkTaxonomyBarPulse 1.2s infinite ease-in-out;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(1) { animation-delay: 0s; }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.2s; }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 0.4s; }\n\n        @keyframes opkTaxonomyBarPulse {\n       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'same-origin' })\n            .then(function (response) {\n                if (!response.ok) throw new Error('HTTP ' + response.status);\n                return response.text();\n            })\n            .then(function (html) {\n                container.innerHTML = html;\n            })\n            .catch(function () {\n                container.textContent = '\u26a0\ufe0f';\n            });\n    })();\n    <\/script>\n    <br \/>\nCap d\u2019aquests g\u00e8neres tenen esp\u00e8cies en aig\u00fces mediterr\u00e0nies o ib\u00e8riques.<\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Bibliografia<\/strong><\/p><ul><div id=\"zotpress-ddedecfa98cc9057142bf4dcb4849ba5\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID ZP_ATTR\">1246567<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID ZP_ATTR\">Bathydoridoidei<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT ZP_ATTR\">50<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">creator<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID ZP_ATTR\">7687<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL ZP_ATTR\">https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CACHETIMER ZP_ATTR\"><\/span><span class=\"ZP_JSON ZP_ATTR\">%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%229HTF4T7A%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Troncoso%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BTroncoso%2C%20J.%20S.%2C%20Garc%26%23xED%3Ba%20Garc%26%23xED%3Ba%2C%20F.%20J.%2C%20Garc%26%23xED%3Ba%20G%26%23xF3%3Bmez%2C%20J.%20C.%2C%20Ballesteros%2C%20M.%20%281999%29.%20Moluscos%20opistobranquios%20capturados%20durante%20las%20expediciones%20espa%26%23xF1%3Bolas%20Bentart%2094%20y%2095%2C%20ampliando%20la%20distribuci%26%23xF3%3Bn%20de%20rango%20batim%26%23xE9%3Btrico%20de%20Bathydoris%20hodsoni.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BNova%20acta%20Cient%26%23xED%3Bfica%20Compostelana%20%28Biolox%26%23xED%3Ba%29%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B9%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20321-323.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Moluscos%20opistobranquios%20capturados%20durante%20las%20expediciones%20espa%5Cu00f1olas%20Bentart%2094%20y%2095%2C%20ampliando%20la%20distribuci%5Cu00f3n%20de%20rango%20batim%5Cu00e9trico%20de%20Bathydoris%20hodsoni.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Troncoso%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22F.J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garc%5Cu00eda%20Garc%5Cu00eda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Garc%5Cu00eda%20G%5Cu00f3mez%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ballesteros%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%221999%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-03-08T08%3A33%3A41Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%226BCMIIVI%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BW%26%23xE4%3Bgele%2C%20H.%2C%20Avila%2C%20C.%2C%20Ballesteros%2C%20M.%20%282006%29.%20Defensive%20glandular%20structures%20in%20opisthobranch%20molluscs%3A%20from%20histology%20to%20ecology.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BOceanography%20and%20Marine%20Biology%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B44%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20197-276.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Defensive%20glandular%20structures%20in%20opisthobranch%20molluscs%3A%20from%20histology%20to%20ecology.%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Avila%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Ballesteros%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222006%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-03-08T08%3A58%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-7687-1246567-9HTF4T7A\" data-zp-author-date='Troncoso-et-al.-1999' data-zp-date-author='1999-Troncoso-et-al.' data-zp-date='1999' data-zp-year='1999' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Troncoso, J. S., Garc\u00eda Garc\u00eda, F. J., Garc\u00eda G\u00f3mez, J. C., Ballesteros, M. (1999). Moluscos opistobranquios capturados durante las expediciones espa\u00f1olas Bentart 94 y 95, ampliando la distribuci\u00f3n de rango batim\u00e9trico de Bathydoris hodsoni. <i>Nova acta Cient\u00edfica Compostelana (Biolox\u00eda)<\/i>, <i>9<\/i>, 321-323.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-7687-1246567-6BCMIIVI\" data-zp-author-date='W\u00e4gele-et-al.-2006' data-zp-date-author='2006-W\u00e4gele-et-al.' data-zp-date='2006' data-zp-year='2006' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">W\u00e4gele, H., Avila, C., Ballesteros, M. (2006). Defensive glandular structures in opisthobranch molluscs: from histology to ecology. <i>Oceanography and Marine Biology<\/i>, <i>44<\/i>, 197-276.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n<p><\/p>Bibliografia basada en els treballs de <b>Steve Long, 2006<\/b>. <a target=_blank href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Long-S.-2006-Bibliography-of-Opisthobranchia-1554-2000.pdf>Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000<\/a> i <b>Gary McDonald, 2009<\/b>. <a href=http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8115h0wz>Bibliographia Nudibranchia<\/a>, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d\u00b4altres fonts.<p><\/p><\/ul><p><\/p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Els Bathydoridoidei s\u00f3n un petit grup de nudibranquis marins especialitzats en la vida en aig\u00fces profundes. S\u00f3n mol\u00b7luscs gastr\u00f2podes heterobranquis de cos tou i sense conquilla externa en l\u2019estadi adult, que formen un llinatge molt diferenciat dins dels nudibranquis doridacis. A difer\u00e8ncia de la majoria de nudibranquis coneguts pels bussejadors, els Bathydoridoidei viuen en ambients profunds, generalment sense llum, i no formen part de la fauna observable durant les immersions\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/guia\/nudibranchia\/doridina\/bathydoridoidei\/\">Continua llegint<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":291,"featured_media":10211,"parent":7700,"menu_order":6154,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-7687","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7687","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/291"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=7687"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7687\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49056,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7687\/revisions\/49056"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/7700"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/10211"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=7687"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}