{"id":30416,"date":"2020-07-25T12:05:32","date_gmt":"2020-07-25T10:05:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/?p=30416"},"modified":"2020-07-25T12:05:32","modified_gmt":"2020-07-25T10:05:32","slug":"no-tots-els-nudibranquis-son-carnivors","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/no-tots-els-nudibranquis-son-carnivors\/","title":{"rendered":"No tots els nudibranquis son carn\u00edvors"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Al juliol de 2020 es va publicar a la prestigiosa revista Marine Ecology Progress Series (MEPS) un interessant\u00a0 article (Camps-Castell\u00e0 et al., 2020) que, sota un t\u00edtol aparentment trivial, anuncia un canvi de paradigma: \u201c<strong>No tots els nudibranquis son carn\u00edvors<\/strong>\u201d.<\/p>\n<p>Els nudibranquis (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) han estat considerats tradicionalment com un dels grups de predadors m\u00e9s altament especialitzats (Megina &amp; Cervera 2003) i, de fet, han estat classificats en quatre grups en base a la seva alimentaci\u00f3: menjadors d&#8217;esponges, menjadors de briozous, menjadors de hidraris i un altre grup &#8220;miscel\u00b7lani&#8221; amb una dieta que inclou altres animals com tunicats i, fins i tot, altres nudibranquis o les seves postes. Aix\u00ed doncs els nudibranquis, com a grup, es consideraven carn\u00edvors (Clark, 1975; Wagner et al. 2009).<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;article que comentem aqu\u00ed estudia el cas d&#8217;un nudibranqui min\u00fascul anomenat <em>Polycerella emertoni<\/em> que es va trobar en aig\u00fces de Delta de l&#8217;Ebre associat al briozou <em>Amathia verticillata<\/em> (Camps &amp; Prat, 2018) i del qu\u00e8 se suposava que s&#8217;alimentava.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_30417\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30417\" data-attachment-id=\"30417\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/no-tots-els-nudibranquis-son-carnivors\/el-nudibranquio-polycerella-emertoni-foto-de-manuel-ballesteros-p7180140\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-Manuel-Ballesteros-P7180140.jpg?fit=900%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"900,600\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"El nudibranquio Polycerella emertoni. Foto de Manuel Ballesteros\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;El nudibranquio Polycerella emertoni. Foto de Manuel Ballesteros&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;El nudibranquio Polycerella emertoni. Foto de Manuel Ballesteros&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-Manuel-Ballesteros-P7180140.jpg?fit=900%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30417\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-Manuel-Ballesteros-P7180140.jpg?resize=900%2C600&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"El nudibranquio Polycerella emertoni. Foto de Manuel Ballesteros\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-Manuel-Ballesteros-P7180140.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-Manuel-Ballesteros-P7180140.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-Manuel-Ballesteros-P7180140.jpg?resize=150%2C100&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-30417\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">El nudibranqui <em>Polycerella emertoni<\/em>. Foto de Manuel Ballesteros<\/p><\/div>\n<div id=\"attachment_30420\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30420\" data-attachment-id=\"30420\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/no-tots-els-nudibranquis-son-carnivors\/el-briozoo-amathia-verticillata-foto-de-miquel-pontes-mpg4302\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-briozoo-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-Miquel-Pontes-MPG4302.jpg?fit=900%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"900,600\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"El briozoo Amathia verticillata. Foto de Miquel Pontes\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;El briozoo Amathia verticillata. Foto de Miquel Pontes&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;El briozoo Amathia verticillata. Foto de Miquel Pontes&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-briozoo-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-Miquel-Pontes-MPG4302.jpg?fit=900%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30420\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-briozoo-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-Miquel-Pontes-MPG4302.jpg?resize=900%2C600&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"El briozoo Amathia verticillata. Foto de Miquel Pontes\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-briozoo-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-Miquel-Pontes-MPG4302.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-briozoo-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-Miquel-Pontes-MPG4302.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-briozoo-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-Miquel-Pontes-MPG4302.jpg?resize=150%2C100&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-30420\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">El briozou <em>Amathia verticillata<\/em>. Foto de Miquel Pontes<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Pot semblar molt f\u00e0cil determinar de qu\u00e8 s&#8217;alimenta un nudibranqui, per\u00f2 en realitat no ho \u00e9s, sobretot quan l&#8217;animal mesura 3-4 mm i viu perfectament camuflat sobre el substrat. Sabem que molts nudibranquis que viuen sobre esponges s&#8217;alimenten d&#8217;elles, que molts dels que viuen sobre hidraris s&#8217;alimenten d&#8217;aquests, que molts dels que viuen sobre briozous s&#8217;alimenten d&#8217;ells i que molts dels que viuen a la sorra s&#8217;alimenten de multitud d&#8217;organismes que viuen en aquest mitj\u00e0. Llavors \u00bfper qu\u00e8 un nudibranqui m\u00e9s que viu sobre un briozou no anava a alimentar-se d&#8217;ell?<\/p>\n<h4>El descobriment<\/h4>\n<p>Les primeres sospites van apar\u00e8ixer arran d&#8217;un petit v\u00eddeo gravat amb un microscopi en qu\u00e8 s&#8217;observava al nudibranqui alimentar-se. Aquest aparentment rosegava el briozou, per\u00f2 el teixit del briozou apareixia indemne. Per\u00f2, si el suposat aliment no era rosegat \u00bfno seria perqu\u00e8 el nudibranqui realment no s&#8217;alimentava d&#8217;ell sin\u00f3 que potser menjava alguna cosa que no es veia? Qu\u00e8 podria ser?<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" src=\"https:\/\/player.vimeo.com\/video\/406787394?dnt=1&amp;app_id=122963\" width=\"900\" height=\"506\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"autoplay; fullscreen\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<h6 style=\"text-align: center;\"><em>Polycerella emertoni<\/em> sobre <em>Amathia verticillata<\/em>, v\u00eddeo de Judith Camps \u00a9 2018<\/h6>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Per determinar aquest punt es va utilitzar una combinaci\u00f3 de m\u00e8todes, incloent an\u00e0lisi d&#8217;is\u00f2tops estables juntament amb models bayesians de mescla, examen dels continguts estomacals i enregistrament en v\u00eddeo de l&#8217;alimentaci\u00f3 de l&#8217;animal. Tamb\u00e9 es va dur a terme una an\u00e0lisi radular per determinar possibles relacions de la morfologia radular amb el comportament alimentari de l&#8217;animal i, finalment, durant m\u00e9s d&#8217;un any es va dur a terme un estudi de l&#8217;abund\u00e0ncia estacional, tant del briozou com del nudibranqui, per determinar la naturalesa i l&#8217;estabilitat de la seva associaci\u00f3.<\/p>\n<h4>Els resultats<\/h4>\n<p>Contr\u00e0riament al que es creia, els resultats del treball demostren que el nudibranqui <em>Polycerella emertoni<\/em> \u00e9s un microherb\u00edvor que s&#8217;alimenta del <em>perifiton<\/em> que recobreix el briozou <em>Amathia verticillata<\/em> (fins a un 99% de la dieta segons els resultats). Aquest perifiton est\u00e0 compost per diverses esp\u00e8cies d&#8217;algues microsc\u00f2piques anomenades diatomees que es van trobar en el contingut estomacal de l&#8217;nudibranqui.<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_30419\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30419\" data-attachment-id=\"30419\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/no-tots-els-nudibranquis-son-carnivors\/diatomeas-obtenidas-del-biofilm-de-amathia-verticillata-foto-de-sem-por-manuel-ballesteros\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Diatomeas-obtenidas-del-biofilm-de-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Manuel-Ballesteros.jpg?fit=900%2C601&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"900,601\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Diatomeas obtenidas del biofilm de Amathia verticillata. Foto de SEM por Manuel Ballesteros\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Diatomeas obtenidas del biofilm de Amathia verticillata. Foto de SEM por Manuel Ballesteros&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Diatomeas obtenidas del biofilm de Amathia verticillata. Foto de SEM por Manuel Ballesteros&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Diatomeas-obtenidas-del-biofilm-de-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Manuel-Ballesteros.jpg?fit=900%2C601&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"wp-image-30419 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Diatomeas-obtenidas-del-biofilm-de-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Manuel-Ballesteros.jpg?resize=900%2C601&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Diatomeas obtenidas del biofilm de Amathia verticillata. Foto de SEM por Manuel Ballesteros\" width=\"900\" height=\"601\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Diatomeas-obtenidas-del-biofilm-de-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Manuel-Ballesteros.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Diatomeas-obtenidas-del-biofilm-de-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Manuel-Ballesteros.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Diatomeas-obtenidas-del-biofilm-de-Amathia-verticillata.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Manuel-Ballesteros.jpg?resize=150%2C100&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-30419\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Diatomees obtingudes del biofilm d&#8217;<em>Amathia verticillata<\/em>. Foto de SEM per Manuel Ballesteros<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Les diatomees s\u00f3n una classe d&#8217;algues unicel\u00b7lulars caracteritzades per tenir una coberta de s\u00edlice anomenada <em>fr\u00fastul<\/em>. Aquests fr\u00fastuls tenen gran varietat de formes i dissenys, alguns molt bells. La majoria de les diatomees s\u00f3n pel\u00e0giques (viuen en aig\u00fces lliures) per\u00f2 algunes esp\u00e8cies s\u00f3n bent\u00f2niques (viuen sobre el fons mar\u00ed). Les diatomees s\u00f3n especialment importants pels oceans, ja que proporcionen prop de el 45% del total de la producci\u00f3 prim\u00e0ria oce\u00e0nica, la base de la vida marina, i es troben en tots els mars, des dels pols (on hi ha poques esp\u00e8cies per\u00f2 en grans quantitats) fins als tr\u00f2pics (on hi ha major nombre d&#8217;esp\u00e8cies per\u00f2 en menor quantitat).<\/p>\n<h4>Hi ha m\u00e9s nudibranquis herb\u00edvors?<\/h4>\n<p>Hi ha molt poca informaci\u00f3 sobre les adaptacions de la morfologia radular a l&#8217;estrat\u00e8gia d&#8217;alimentaci\u00f3 dels nudibranquis (Nybakken &amp; McDonald, 1981), per tant, les percepcions generals sobre l&#8217;ecologia tr\u00f2fica i la biologia de el grup necessiten ser reevaluades (Todd et al. 2001).<\/p>\n<div id=\"attachment_30418\" style=\"width: 910px\" class=\"wp-caption aligncenter\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-30418\" data-attachment-id=\"30418\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/no-tots-els-nudibranquis-son-carnivors\/radula-del-nudibranquio-polycerella-emertoni-foto-de-sem-por-judith-camps\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Radula-del-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Judith-Camps.jpg?fit=900%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"900,600\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Radula del nudibranquio Polycerella emertoni. Foto de SEM por Judith Camps\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Radula del nudibranquio Polycerella emertoni. Foto de SEM por Judith Camps&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Radula del nudibranquio Polycerella emertoni. Foto de SEM por Judith Camps&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Radula-del-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Judith-Camps.jpg?fit=900%2C600&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"size-full wp-image-30418\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Radula-del-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Judith-Camps.jpg?resize=900%2C600&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Radula del nudibranquio Polycerella emertoni. Foto de SEM por Judith Camps\" width=\"900\" height=\"600\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Radula-del-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Judith-Camps.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Radula-del-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Judith-Camps.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Radula-del-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-SEM-por-Judith-Camps.jpg?resize=150%2C100&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/><p id=\"caption-attachment-30418\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">R\u00e0dula del nudibranqui <em>Polycerella emertoni<\/em>. Foto de SEM per Judith Camps<\/p><\/div>\n<p>Els resultats de l&#8217;estudi del nudibranqui <em>Polycerella emertoni<\/em> evidencien una f\u00f3rmula radular i una morfologia caracter\u00edstica que, comparada amb altres esp\u00e8cies de nudibranquis semblants, suggereixen la pres\u00e8ncia de m\u00faltiples estrat\u00e8gies d&#8217;alimentaci\u00f3: no tots mengen el mateix tipus d&#8217;aliment.<\/p>\n<p>La literatura existent (veure la compilaci\u00f3 de McDonald &amp; Nybakken, 1997) sol confondre el substrat amb l&#8217;aliment (encara que en molts casos \u00e9s el mateix). \u00c9s un tema espin\u00f3s a causa de la dificultat d&#8217;estudi (animals de mida petita, aparici\u00f3 estacional o ocasional, recol\u00b7lecci\u00f3 dif\u00edcil i costosa mitjan\u00e7ant bussejadors) i, per tant, hi ha molt pocs treballs ecol\u00f2gics sobre el tema. Destaquem una publicaci\u00f3 sobre l&#8217;heterobranqui <em>Tylodina perversa<\/em> (veure Becerro et al., 2003) que apuntava en el mateix sentit que el present treball.<\/p>\n<h4>Beneficis mutus<\/h4>\n<p>Encara que l&#8217;estudi demostra que el nudibranqui no s&#8217;alimenta del briozou, l&#8217;associaci\u00f3 entre el nudibranqui i el briozou suggereix una certa simbiosi entre tots dos: el primer es camufla sobre el segon, alhora que es beneficia d&#8217;una dispersi\u00f3 millorada ja que el briozou es trenca amb facilitat, i cada tros (amb els seus nudibranquis associats) ret\u00e9 la capacitat de seguir creixent all\u00e0 on les condicions mediambientals li ho permetin (<em>Amathia verticillata<\/em> \u00e9s ben coneguda per la seva capacitat de cr\u00e9ixer r\u00e0pidament al casc d&#8217;embarcacions &#8211;<em>fouling<\/em>&#8211; i altres estructures marines). D&#8217;altra banda, l&#8217;eliminaci\u00f3 del perifiton que recobreix al briozou, en la qual el nudibranqui \u00e9s part activa, pot tenir efectes positius en el cicle reproductiu del briozou (Dahms et al, 2004), millorant aix\u00ed la seva superviv\u00e8ncia i facilitant la seva dispersi\u00f3.<\/p>\n<p>L&#8217;article original es pot sol\u00b7licitar directament als autors, prement aqu\u00ed<span style=\"font-family: Ubuntu;\">.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps13379\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" data-attachment-id=\"30422\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/no-tots-els-nudibranquis-son-carnivors\/baixa\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/baixa.jpg?fit=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"150,150\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"baixa\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/baixa.jpg?fit=150%2C150&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"aligncenter wp-image-30422 size-full\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/baixa.jpg?resize=150%2C150&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" \/><\/a><\/p>\n<h4>Refer\u00e8ncies<\/h4>\n<ul>\n<li><strong>Becerro, M. A., Tur\u00f3n, X., Uriz, M. J., &amp; Templado, J. (2003)<\/strong> Can a sponge feeder be an herbivore? <em>Tylodina perversa<\/em> (Gastropoda) feeding on <em>Aplysina aerophoba<\/em> (Demospongiae). <em>Biological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/em>, 78(4): 429-438. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0024-4066.2002.00165.x\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1046\/j.0024-4066.2002.00165.x<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Camps, J. &amp; Prado, P. (2018)<\/strong> <em>Polycerella emertoni<\/em> associated to <em>Amathia verticillata<\/em> in the Ebro Delta, NE Spain (Western Mediterranean). In: <strong>Yokes, Andreou, Bakiu, Bonanomi and others (2018)<\/strong> New Mediterranean Biodiversity Records (November 2018). <em>Mediterranean Marine Science<\/em> 19: 673\u2212689, p 675. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12681\/mms.19386\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.12681\/mms.19386<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Camps-Castell\u00e0, J., Ballesteros, M., Trobajo, R., Pontes, M. &amp; Prado, P. (2020)<\/strong> Not all nudibranchs are carnivorous: trophic ecology of <em>Polycerella emertoni<\/em> in the Ebro Delta. <em>Marine Ecology Progress Series<\/em> 645: 67-82. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps13379\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3354\/meps13379<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Clark, K.B. (1975)<\/strong> Nudibranch life cycles in the Northwest Atlantic and their relationship to the ecology of fouling communities. <em>Helgol\u00e4nder wissenschaftliche Meeresuntersuchungen<\/em> 27: 28\u221269. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01611686\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/BF01611686 <\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Dahms, H.U., Dobrestov, S. &amp; Qian, P.Y. (2004)<\/strong> The effect of bacterial and diatom biofilms on the settlement of the bryozoan <em>Bugula neritina<\/em>. <em>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology<\/em> 313: 191\u2212209. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2004.08.005\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2004.08.005<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>McDonald, G. R, &amp; Nybakken, J. W. (1997)<\/strong> List of the Worldwide Food Habits of Nudibranchs. <em>Veliger<\/em>, 40(2). Retrieved from <a href=\"https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/0g75h1q3\">https:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/0g75h1q3<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Megina, C. &amp; Cervera, J.L. (2003)<\/strong> Diet, prey selection and cannibalism in the hunter opisthobranch <em>Roboastra europaea. Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom<\/em> 83: 489\u2212495. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0025315403007392h\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1017\/S0025315403007392h<\/a><\/li>\n<li><strong>Nybakken, J., &amp; McDonald, G. (1981)<\/strong> Feeding mechanisms of west American nudibranchs feeding on Bryozoa, Cnidaria and Ascidiacea, with special respect to the radula. <em>Malacologia<\/em> 20(2): 439-449<\/li>\n<li><strong>Todd, C.D., Walter, J. &amp; Daviee, J. (2001)<\/strong> Some perspectives on the biology and ecology of nudibranch molluscs: generalisations and variations on the theme that prove the rule. <em>Bolletino Malacologico<\/em> 37 (5-8): 105\u2212120<\/li>\n<li><strong>Wagner, D., Kahng, S.E. &amp; Toonen, R.J. (2009)<\/strong> Observations of the life history and feeding ecology of a specialized nudibranch predator (<em>Phyllodesmium poindimiei<\/em>), with implications for biocontrol of an invasive octocoral (<em>Carijoa riisei<\/em>) in Hawaii. <em>Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology<\/em> 372: 64\u221274. DOI: <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2009.02.007\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jembe.2009.02.007<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><p><strong>Citeu aquest article com: <\/strong><\/p><div style=\"display: block; background: #444444; padding: 10px 30px 10px 10px; border-radius: 5px; line-height: 18px;\"><p class=\"citacio\"><b>Pontes, Miquel<\/b> (2025) <em>\"No tots els nudibranquis son carn\u00edvors\"<\/em> a <em>OPK-Opistobranquis<\/em>. Publicat: 25\/07\/2020. Accedit: 27\/07\/2026. Disponible a (<a href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/?p=30416>https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/?p=30416<\/a>)<\/p><p><\/p><\/div><p><\/p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Al juliol de 2020 es va publicar a la prestigiosa revista Marine Ecology Progress Series (MEPS) un interessant\u00a0 article (Camps-Castell\u00e0 et al., 2020) que, sota un t\u00edtol aparentment trivial, anuncia un canvi de paradigma: \u201cNo tots els nudibranquis son carn\u00edvors\u201d. Els nudibranquis (Mollusca, Nudibranchia) han estat considerats tradicionalment com un dels grups de predadors m\u00e9s altament especialitzats (Megina &amp; Cervera 2003) i, de fet, han estat classificats en quatre grups\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/no-tots-els-nudibranquis-son-carnivors\/\">Continua llegint<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":30417,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_newsletter_access":"","_jetpack_dont_email_post_to_subs":false,"_jetpack_newsletter_tier_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paywalled_content":false,"_jetpack_feature_clip_id":0,"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_publicize_feature_enabled":true,"jetpack_social_post_already_shared":true,"jetpack_social_options":{"image_generator_settings":{"template":"highway","default_image_id":0,"font":"","enabled":false},"version":2},"jetpack_post_was_ever_published":false},"categories":[347],"tags":[1399,1412,1411,1400,1414,1415,1401,1402,1403,1404,1417,1405,1406,1419,1420,1407,1408,1409,1410,1418,1413,1416],"class_list":["post-30416","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-articles","tag-briozoo","tag-briozou","tag-bryozoan","tag-contenido-estomacal","tag-contingut-estomacal","tag-diatom","tag-diatomea","tag-ecologia-trofica","tag-gastropoda","tag-herbivoria","tag-herbivory","tag-heterobranchia","tag-isotopos-estables","tag-mimetism","tag-mimetisme","tag-mimetismo","tag-mollusca","tag-nudibranchia","tag-nudibranquio","tag-stable-isotops","tag-stomach-contents","tag-trophic-ecology"],"jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/El-nudibranquio-Polycerella-emertoni.-Foto-de-Manuel-Ballesteros-P7180140.jpg?fit=900%2C600&ssl=1","jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30416","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=30416"}],"version-history":[{"count":9,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30416\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":30430,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/30416\/revisions\/30430"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/30417"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=30416"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=30416"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/ca\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=30416"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}