Okenia problematica Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli et Crocetta, 2019
Okenia problematica @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) by Fabio Vitale
Taxonomy | Superdomain | Biota |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Mollusca |
| Class | Gastropoda |
| Subclass | Heterobranchia |
| Infraclass | Euthyneura |
| Subterclass | Ringipleura |
| Superorder | Nudipleura |
| Order | Nudibranchia |
| Suborder | Doridina |
| Infraorder | Doridoidei |
| Superfamily | Onchidoridoidea |
| Family | Goniodorididae |
| Genus | Okenia |
| Species | Okenia problematica Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli & Crocetta, 2019 |
| |
| Classification according to Bouchet et al. (2017) Taxonomic source: World Register of Marine Species (AphiaID: 1343365). |
Synonyms
- Okenia impexa banyulensis Schmekel, 1979 (unavailable under ICZN Art. 15.1: name proposed conditionally after 1960)
Description
Elongated, translucent white body, covered with many and concentrated brown spots, with randomly scattered white-yellowish spots. The whole body is covered by conspicuous spicules, and it ends in a long and pointed translucent white tail covered with mostly white and scattered brown dots. The notal border is well developed, with 8 lateral papillae symmetrically distributed on each body side. Distribution of papillae is as follows: one located in front of rhinophores, one besides the rhinophores, four between the rhinophores and the gill, and two behind gill rising from same stalk. The shape and size of the papillae is slightly variable; the two papillae located at the front are long and finger-like, followed by a shorter one and then they subsequently increasing in size to the rear side of the body. All papillae located behind the rhinophores have a rounded widening at the tip, more evident in the papillae located behind the gill. There is a single papilla in the mid-dorsal line similar in shape and size to the ones on the sides, and also with a rounded tip. Rhinophores are long and slender, of the same colour pattern of the body, with 6–9 lamellae each on the distal portion. Gill is composed of four unipinnate branches surrounding the anus, the two located ahead sharing a common stalk. There are two short oral tentacles flanking the mouth. The foot is long and slender, coloured translucent white without any spots, and with two small but elongated propodial tentacles in the anterior side. Genitalia is located on the right side of the body, usually close to the rhinophore.
Biology
Okenia problematica seems to be common at depths below 10 m. The specimens collected in Gallipoli (Italy) were found on an artificial reef located on a sandy bottom, amidst unidentified hydrozoans and encrusting bryozoans. Templado (1982), Valdés & Ortea (1995), García-Gómez et al. (2011), and Ballesteros et al. (2016) mostly reported its cryptic presence in rocky infralittoral bottoms (~5–10 m) with the bryozoan Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786). However, Schmekel (1979), Schmekel & Portmann (1982), Valdés & Ortea (1995), and Ballesteros et al. (2016) also reported its presence at 5–15 m depth on infralittoral algae such as Halimeda J.V.Lamouroux, 1812, those of the family Corallinaceae Lamouroux, 1812 and Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje, 1829.
Etimology
- Problematica, due to its complex taxonomic history.
Distribution
Species has been described on specimens collected at Gallipoli (Lecce, Italy), Aiguafreda (Begur, Girona, Spain), and Cala Joncols (Roses, Girona, Spain). Literature records of Okenia cupella and Okenia impexa from the Mediterranean Sea also belong to this taxon.
Abundance
Western Mediterranean: | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Eastern Mediterranean: | ☆☆☆☆☆ |
Atlantic Ocean: | ☆☆☆☆☆ |
MonthThis chart displays the monthly observation probability for Okenia problematica based on our own records.
Other pictures
Okenia impexa
Okenia problematica by Enric Madrenas
Okenia problematica by Enric Madrenas
Okenia problematica by Enric Madrenas
Okenia problematica @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) by Fabio Vitale
Okenia problematica @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) by Fabio Vitale
Okenia problematica (compared with Flabellina affinis) @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) by Fabio Vitale
Okenia problematica @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) by Fabio Vitale
Okenia problematica (underside) @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) by Fabio Vitale
Okenia problematica @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) by Fabio Vitale
Bibliography
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Okenia problematica
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Further reading
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Pontes, Miquel, Manuel Ballesteros, Enric Madrenas (2023) "Okenia problematica" in OPK-Opistobranquis. Published: 29/11/2020. Accessed: 30/11/2023. Available at (https://opistobranquis.info/en/?p=30894)
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