<\/p>\n
<\/div>Phylliroe lichtensteinii 3-01-2017<\/em> by Linda Ianniello<\/center><\/span><\/p>WoRMS Taxonomic Information<\/h3>Current accepted name: Phylliroe lichtensteinii<\/em> (Eschscholtz, 1825)<\/strong><\/div>Current classification<\/h4>Superdomain<\/th>Biota<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Kingdom<\/th>Animalia<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Phylum<\/th>Mollusca<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Class<\/th>Gastropoda<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Subclass<\/th>Heterobranchia<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Infraclass<\/th>Euthyneura<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Subterclass<\/th>Ringipleura<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Superorder<\/th>Nudipleura<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Order<\/th>Nudibranchia<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Suborder<\/th>Dendronotina<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Superfamily<\/th>Dendronotoidea<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Family<\/th>Phylliroidae<\/a><\/td><\/tr>Genus<\/th>Phylliroe<\/em><\/a><\/td><\/tr>Species<\/th>Phylliroe lichtensteinii<\/em> (Eschscholtz, 1825)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/table>Classification provided by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). [536862<\/a>]<\/p><\/div>Synonyms<\/strong><\/p>\n\nPhylliroe amboinensis<\/i> Quoy & Gaimard, 1832<\/span><\/li>\nPhylliroe atlantica<\/i> Bergh, 1871<\/span><\/li>\nPhylliroe lichtensteini<\/i> Eschscholtz, 1825<\/span><\/li>\nPhylliroe rubra<\/i> Quoy & Gaimard, 1832<\/span><\/li>\nPhylliroe pelagica<\/em> H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858<\/li>\nPhylliroe roseum<\/em> D’Orbigny, 1836<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nDescription\n<\/strong>Fish-like, laterally<\/span> flattened body, up to about 55 mm in length, without papillae<\/span> and completely transparent. The\u00a0tail is short, less than 16% of the body length. The foot<\/span> is reduced to a pedal<\/span> gland not disrupting the body outline. The head<\/span>, before the relatively small\u00a0rhinophores<\/span>, is directed downwards, with a terminal mouth<\/span>. The anus<\/span> is located\u00a0on the right lateral\u00a0<\/span>side in the centre of the body. The digestive gland and other organs<\/span> are visible through the skin by transparency. The digestive gland has no constriction<\/span> in the middle, which is characteristic of Phylliroe lichtensteinii<\/i><\/span>. Literature is pretty confuse with the species of Phylliroe<\/em>, species determination traits range from the presence of a restriction in the digestive gland to the number of gonads, and then from the number of gonads: P.bucephala<\/em> is said to have 2 gonads, while P.lichtensteinii<\/em> is said to have from 3 to 5, but the fact is these beautiful species have been neglected in many studies and identification is not clear.<\/p>\nBiology\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is hermaphroditic.<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0The juveniles have been reported to parasitise the medusae of the cnidarian Zanclea<\/em>, attaching to the inside of the bell, on which they feed and remain until adulthood. In adulthood its diet is no longer restricted to Zanclea<\/span><\/em>, although observations of feeding behaviour are sparse. Phylliroe<\/span> <\/em>has been seen approaching a swarm of the larvacean Oikopleura albican<\/span>s<\/em> from below, grabbing a specimen with its paired denticulate jaws and swallowing it in half a minute. Adults have also been observed to prey on the medusa Aequorea<\/span><\/em>.\u00a0<\/span>This is a pelagic species that is highly bioluminescent and emits flashes of light when disturbed. Despite it seems to prefer the upper water layers, vertical distribution for this species suggests that it lives at a depth of about 60 meters (Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lamo, 1997) and, at night, participates in a vertical migration towards the surface. It does not like light, so when it is discovered by a diver, begins to swim towards deep water (L.Ianello, pers.comm.).<\/span><\/p>\nEtymology<\/strong><\/p>\n\nPhylliroe<\/em>, from Greek “phyllon”, leaf + “roe”,\u00a0water current, or water flow.<\/li>\nLichtensteinii,<\/i>\u00a0honors Martin Heinrich Lichtenstein,\u00a0German physician, explorer and naturalist who, in 1844, published descriptions of animals collected around Australia. He worked at the Zoological Institute in Berlin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nDistribution\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is known from the warm waters of\u00a0Atlantic<\/span> and Pacific<\/span> Oceans, also in the Mediterranean.\n<\/div>\n
<\/p>
Classification provided by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). [536862<\/a>]<\/p><\/div>Synonyms<\/strong><\/p>\n\nPhylliroe amboinensis<\/i> Quoy & Gaimard, 1832<\/span><\/li>\nPhylliroe atlantica<\/i> Bergh, 1871<\/span><\/li>\nPhylliroe lichtensteini<\/i> Eschscholtz, 1825<\/span><\/li>\nPhylliroe rubra<\/i> Quoy & Gaimard, 1832<\/span><\/li>\nPhylliroe pelagica<\/em> H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858<\/li>\nPhylliroe roseum<\/em> D’Orbigny, 1836<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nDescription\n<\/strong>Fish-like, laterally<\/span> flattened body, up to about 55 mm in length, without papillae<\/span> and completely transparent. The\u00a0tail is short, less than 16% of the body length. The foot<\/span> is reduced to a pedal<\/span> gland not disrupting the body outline. The head<\/span>, before the relatively small\u00a0rhinophores<\/span>, is directed downwards, with a terminal mouth<\/span>. The anus<\/span> is located\u00a0on the right lateral\u00a0<\/span>side in the centre of the body. The digestive gland and other organs<\/span> are visible through the skin by transparency. The digestive gland has no constriction<\/span> in the middle, which is characteristic of Phylliroe lichtensteinii<\/i><\/span>. Literature is pretty confuse with the species of Phylliroe<\/em>, species determination traits range from the presence of a restriction in the digestive gland to the number of gonads, and then from the number of gonads: P.bucephala<\/em> is said to have 2 gonads, while P.lichtensteinii<\/em> is said to have from 3 to 5, but the fact is these beautiful species have been neglected in many studies and identification is not clear.<\/p>\nBiology\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is hermaphroditic.<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0The juveniles have been reported to parasitise the medusae of the cnidarian Zanclea<\/em>, attaching to the inside of the bell, on which they feed and remain until adulthood. In adulthood its diet is no longer restricted to Zanclea<\/span><\/em>, although observations of feeding behaviour are sparse. Phylliroe<\/span> <\/em>has been seen approaching a swarm of the larvacean Oikopleura albican<\/span>s<\/em> from below, grabbing a specimen with its paired denticulate jaws and swallowing it in half a minute. Adults have also been observed to prey on the medusa Aequorea<\/span><\/em>.\u00a0<\/span>This is a pelagic species that is highly bioluminescent and emits flashes of light when disturbed. Despite it seems to prefer the upper water layers, vertical distribution for this species suggests that it lives at a depth of about 60 meters (Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lamo, 1997) and, at night, participates in a vertical migration towards the surface. It does not like light, so when it is discovered by a diver, begins to swim towards deep water (L.Ianello, pers.comm.).<\/span><\/p>\nEtymology<\/strong><\/p>\n\nPhylliroe<\/em>, from Greek “phyllon”, leaf + “roe”,\u00a0water current, or water flow.<\/li>\nLichtensteinii,<\/i>\u00a0honors Martin Heinrich Lichtenstein,\u00a0German physician, explorer and naturalist who, in 1844, published descriptions of animals collected around Australia. He worked at the Zoological Institute in Berlin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nDistribution\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is known from the warm waters of\u00a0Atlantic<\/span> and Pacific<\/span> Oceans, also in the Mediterranean.\n<\/div>\n
Description\n<\/strong>Fish-like, laterally<\/span> flattened body, up to about 55 mm in length, without papillae<\/span> and completely transparent. The\u00a0tail is short, less than 16% of the body length. The foot<\/span> is reduced to a pedal<\/span> gland not disrupting the body outline. The head<\/span>, before the relatively small\u00a0rhinophores<\/span>, is directed downwards, with a terminal mouth<\/span>. The anus<\/span> is located\u00a0on the right lateral\u00a0<\/span>side in the centre of the body. The digestive gland and other organs<\/span> are visible through the skin by transparency. The digestive gland has no constriction<\/span> in the middle, which is characteristic of Phylliroe lichtensteinii<\/i><\/span>. Literature is pretty confuse with the species of Phylliroe<\/em>, species determination traits range from the presence of a restriction in the digestive gland to the number of gonads, and then from the number of gonads: P.bucephala<\/em> is said to have 2 gonads, while P.lichtensteinii<\/em> is said to have from 3 to 5, but the fact is these beautiful species have been neglected in many studies and identification is not clear.<\/p>\nBiology\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is hermaphroditic.<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0The juveniles have been reported to parasitise the medusae of the cnidarian Zanclea<\/em>, attaching to the inside of the bell, on which they feed and remain until adulthood. In adulthood its diet is no longer restricted to Zanclea<\/span><\/em>, although observations of feeding behaviour are sparse. Phylliroe<\/span> <\/em>has been seen approaching a swarm of the larvacean Oikopleura albican<\/span>s<\/em> from below, grabbing a specimen with its paired denticulate jaws and swallowing it in half a minute. Adults have also been observed to prey on the medusa Aequorea<\/span><\/em>.\u00a0<\/span>This is a pelagic species that is highly bioluminescent and emits flashes of light when disturbed. Despite it seems to prefer the upper water layers, vertical distribution for this species suggests that it lives at a depth of about 60 meters (Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lamo, 1997) and, at night, participates in a vertical migration towards the surface. It does not like light, so when it is discovered by a diver, begins to swim towards deep water (L.Ianello, pers.comm.).<\/span><\/p>\nEtymology<\/strong><\/p>\n\nPhylliroe<\/em>, from Greek “phyllon”, leaf + “roe”,\u00a0water current, or water flow.<\/li>\nLichtensteinii,<\/i>\u00a0honors Martin Heinrich Lichtenstein,\u00a0German physician, explorer and naturalist who, in 1844, published descriptions of animals collected around Australia. He worked at the Zoological Institute in Berlin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nDistribution\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is known from the warm waters of\u00a0Atlantic<\/span> and Pacific<\/span> Oceans, also in the Mediterranean.\n<\/div>\n
Biology\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is hermaphroditic.<\/span>\u00a0\u00a0The juveniles have been reported to parasitise the medusae of the cnidarian Zanclea<\/em>, attaching to the inside of the bell, on which they feed and remain until adulthood. In adulthood its diet is no longer restricted to Zanclea<\/span><\/em>, although observations of feeding behaviour are sparse. Phylliroe<\/span> <\/em>has been seen approaching a swarm of the larvacean Oikopleura albican<\/span>s<\/em> from below, grabbing a specimen with its paired denticulate jaws and swallowing it in half a minute. Adults have also been observed to prey on the medusa Aequorea<\/span><\/em>.\u00a0<\/span>This is a pelagic species that is highly bioluminescent and emits flashes of light when disturbed. Despite it seems to prefer the upper water layers, vertical distribution for this species suggests that it lives at a depth of about 60 meters (Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lamo, 1997) and, at night, participates in a vertical migration towards the surface. It does not like light, so when it is discovered by a diver, begins to swim towards deep water (L.Ianello, pers.comm.).<\/span><\/p>\nEtymology<\/strong><\/p>\n\nPhylliroe<\/em>, from Greek “phyllon”, leaf + “roe”,\u00a0water current, or water flow.<\/li>\nLichtensteinii,<\/i>\u00a0honors Martin Heinrich Lichtenstein,\u00a0German physician, explorer and naturalist who, in 1844, published descriptions of animals collected around Australia. He worked at the Zoological Institute in Berlin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nDistribution\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is known from the warm waters of\u00a0Atlantic<\/span> and Pacific<\/span> Oceans, also in the Mediterranean.\n<\/div>\n
Etymology<\/strong><\/p>\n\nPhylliroe<\/em>, from Greek “phyllon”, leaf + “roe”,\u00a0water current, or water flow.<\/li>\nLichtensteinii,<\/i>\u00a0honors Martin Heinrich Lichtenstein,\u00a0German physician, explorer and naturalist who, in 1844, published descriptions of animals collected around Australia. He worked at the Zoological Institute in Berlin.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\nDistribution\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is known from the warm waters of\u00a0Atlantic<\/span> and Pacific<\/span> Oceans, also in the Mediterranean.\n<\/div>\n
Distribution\n<\/strong>This species<\/span> is known from the warm waters of\u00a0Atlantic<\/span> and Pacific<\/span> Oceans, also in the Mediterranean.\n<\/div>\n
![\"Phylliroe](\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/04\/Phylliroe-lichtensteinii-3-01-2016-by-Linda-Ianello-2.jpg?w=900&ssl=1\")
<\/div><\/div>