{"id":48714,"date":"2026-09-16T14:16:13","date_gmt":"2026-09-16T12:16:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/?page_id=48714"},"modified":"2026-09-16T14:23:23","modified_gmt":"2026-09-16T12:23:23","slug":"haminella-solitaria","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/cephalaspidea\/haminoeoidea\/haminella-solitaria\/","title":{"rendered":"Haminella solitaria"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<h3><em>Haminella solitaria<\/em> (Say, 1822)<\/h3>\n<p><span style=\"font-size:10pt;\" class=\"aligncenter\"><div id=\"featured-img-id\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515747.jpg?w=900&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Haminella solitaria @ C\u00e1diz, Spain by Javi S\u00e1nchez Escarcena\" \/><\/div><center><em>Haminella solitaria @ C\u00e1diz, Spain<\/em> by Javier S\u00e1nchez Escarcena<\/center><\/span><p><\/p><div class=\"opk-worms\"><h3>WoRMS Taxonomic Information<\/h3><div class=\"opk-success\">Current accepted name: <strong><em>Haminella solitaria<\/em> (Say, 1822)<\/strong><\/div><h4>Current classification<\/h4><table class=\"widefat striped\"><tr><th>Superdomain<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1\">Biota<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Kingdom<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=2\">Animalia<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Phylum<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=51\">Mollusca<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Class<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=101\">Gastropoda<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Subclass<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=14712\">Heterobranchia<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Infraclass<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1057247\">Euthyneura<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Subterclass<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1057250\">Tectipleura<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Order<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=154\">Cephalaspidea<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Superfamily<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=411892\">Haminoeoidea<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Family<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23052\">Haminoeidae<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Genus<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1341871\"><em>Haminella<\/em><\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><th>Species<\/th><td><a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1342053\"><em>Haminella solitaria<\/em> (Say, 1822)<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/table><p class=\"footer\">Classification provided by the World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS). [<a target=\"_blank\" href=\"https:\/\/www.marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1342053\">1342053<\/a>]<\/p><\/div><strong>Synonyms<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Bulla solitaria<\/em> Say, 1822<\/li>\n<li><em>Haminea solitaria<\/em> (Say, 1822)<\/li>\n<li><em>Haminoea solitaria<\/em> (Say, 1822)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Description<br \/>\n<\/strong><em>Haminella solitaria<\/em> (Say, 1822) is a small cephalaspidean gastropod belonging to the family Haminoeidae, reaching approximately 20 mm in length when fully extended. It has a thin, fragile and translucent internal shell, partially covered by the animal\u2019s tissues, which is generally whitish or yellowish when clean. The body is usually brownish or greyish, with a well-developed cephalic shield whose posterior end is deeply divided into two lobes. The eyes may be poorly visible or concealed by the cephalic tissues in adult specimens. The parapodia are broad and may meet dorsally along the midline. Identification based exclusively on external characters should be treated with caution because of the similarity to other haminoeid species, and doubtful specimens should preferably be examined using anatomical characters and, particularly, molecular techniques.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Biology<br \/>\n<\/strong>This is a benthic species occurring mainly in shallow waters and sheltered coastal environments, on soft bottoms and in areas associated with marine vegetation, estuaries, lagoons and harbour environments. Its diet is primarily microphagous and includes small organisms associated with the substrate, particularly diatoms. Like other Haminoeidae, it is hermaphroditic and produces gelatinous egg masses, generally approximately spherical in shape, which are attached to the substrate by a small stalk. Reproductive activity in the known European populations has mainly been observed during the warmer months. The species may easily go unnoticed because of its small size and relatively inconspicuous coloration.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Etymology<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><em>Haminella.<\/em> Derived from <em>Haminoea<\/em>, the genus in which the species was traditionally placed, with the Latin diminutive suffix <em>-ella<\/em>, used to indicate a related but distinct form.<\/li>\n<li><em>Solitaria.<\/em> From the Latin <em>solitarius<\/em>, meaning \u201csolitary\u201d or \u201cisolated\u201d, probably referring to the appearance or way of life observed by Thomas Say when he described the species.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Distribution<\/strong><br \/>\n<em data-start=\"18\" data-end=\"39\">Haminella solitaria<\/em> is native to the northwestern Atlantic, where it ranges from the Gulf of St. Lawrence and Nova Scotia along the eastern coast of the United States to Florida. It is considered a non-native species in Europe, where the first known record was from the German Baltic coast, specifically the Bay of Wismar, in August 2016 (Wranik &amp; Malaquias, 2018). It was subsequently recorded in Denmark, where its establishment was confirmed from 2020 onwards (Jensen, 2022), while in Sweden a possible observation from Tj\u00e4rn\u00f6 in 2017 was already mentioned by Wranik and Malaquias (2018), and its presence in the area was subsequently confirmed in 2025, with live specimens, egg masses and environmental DNA evidence. In the Iberian Peninsula, a specimen has been recorded in C\u00e1diz whose photographic material shows morphological characters consistent with <em data-start=\"880\" data-end=\"901\" data-is-only-node=\"\">Haminella solitaria<\/em> and whose identification has been favourably reviewed by specialists; however, the record remains provisional pending molecular confirmation. If confirmed, it would represent a considerable southward extension of the known European range of the species. <div id=\"flxmap-6aaa9e8f9c4f5\" class='flxmap-container' data-flxmap='flxmap_6aaa9e8f9c4f5' style=\"width:100%;height:400px;\"><\/div>\n<script data-noptimize=\"1\">\n\/* <![CDATA[ *\/\n(function(w, fn) {\n if (w.addEventListener) w.addEventListener(\"DOMContentLoaded\", fn, false);\n else if (w.attachEvent) w.attachEvent(\"onload\", fn);\n})(window, function() {\n var f = new FlexibleMap();\n f.mapTypeControl = false;\n f.zoomControl = false;\n f.draggable = false;\n f.dblclickZoom = false;\n f.mapTypeId = \"roadmap\";\n f.setlocale(\"en-US\");\n f.showKML(\"flxmap-6aaa9e8f9c4f5\", \"noesta.kml\", 1);\n window.flxmap_6aaa9e8f9c4f5 = f;\n});\n\/* ]]> *\/\n<\/script>\n<p style='text-align:center;font-size:8pt'>We have no known georeferenced records for the species: <em>Haminella solitaria<\/em>.<\/p><\/p>\n<p><strong>Error:<\/strong> Chart.js no est\u00e1 disponible.<\/p>\n<p><strong>More pictures<\/strong><br \/>\n<div class=\"tiled-gallery type-rectangular tiled-gallery-unresized\" data-original-width=\"900\" data-carousel-extra='{&quot;blog_id&quot;:1,&quot;permalink&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/opistobranquis.info\\\/en\\\/guia\\\/cephalaspidea\\\/haminoeoidea\\\/haminella-solitaria\\\/&quot;,&quot;likes_blog_id&quot;:44192421}' itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageGallery\" > <div class=\"gallery-row\" style=\"width: 900px; height: 619px;\" data-original-width=\"900\" data-original-height=\"619\" > <div class=\"gallery-group images-1\" style=\"width: 900px; height: 619px;\" data-original-width=\"900\" data-original-height=\"619\" > <div class=\"tiled-gallery-item tiled-gallery-item-large\" itemprop=\"associatedMedia\" itemscope itemtype=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\"> <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/cephalaspidea\/haminoeoidea\/haminella-solitaria\/attachment\/1789558515803\/\" border=\"0\" itemprop=\"url\"> <meta itemprop=\"width\" content=\"896\"> <meta itemprop=\"height\" content=\"615\"> <img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" data-attachment-id=\"48718\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515803.jpg\" data-orig-size=\"1536,1055\" data-comments-opened=\"\" data-image-title=\"Haminella solitaria @ C\u00e1diz, Spain by Javi S\u00e1nchez Escarcena\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Haminella solitaria @ C\u00e1diz, Spain by Javi S\u00e1nchez Escarcena&lt;\/p&gt; \" data-medium-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515803.jpg?fit=300%2C206&#038;ssl=1\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515803.jpg?fit=900%2C618&#038;ssl=1\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515803.jpg?w=896&#038;h=615&#038;ssl=1\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515803.jpg?w=1536&amp;ssl=1 1536w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515803.jpg?resize=300%2C206&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515803.jpg?resize=1024%2C703&amp;ssl=1 1024w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/09\/1789558515803.jpg?resize=150%2C103&amp;ssl=1 150w\" width=\"896\" height=\"615\" loading=\"lazy\" data-original-width=\"896\" data-original-height=\"615\" itemprop=\"http:\/\/schema.org\/image\" title=\"Haminella solitaria @ C\u00e1diz, Spain by Javi S\u00e1nchez Escarcena\" alt=\"Haminella solitaria @ C\u00e1diz, Spain by Javi S\u00e1nchez Escarcena\" style=\"width: 896px; height: 615px;\" \/> <\/a> <div class=\"tiled-gallery-caption\" itemprop=\"caption description\"> Haminella solitaria @ C\u00e1diz, Spain by Javi S\u00e1nchez Escarcena <\/div> <\/div> <\/div> <!-- close group --> <\/div> <!-- close row --> <\/div><\/p>\n<p><p><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/p><ul><div id=\"zotpress-71e040b71d921d57d1e0827016fdc763\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID ZP_ATTR\">1246567<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID ZP_ATTR\">Haminella solitaria<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT ZP_ATTR\">50<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">creator<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE 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The copulatory apparatus of the marine gastropod Haminella solitaria (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea) and its phylogenetic relevance. <i>Invertebrate Biology<\/i>, <i>139<\/i>(1), e12281. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ivb.12281&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/ivb.12281<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48714-1246567-RTDCY3QW\" data-zp-author-date='Oskars-et-al.-2019' data-zp-date-author='2019-Oskars-et-al.' data-zp-date='2019' data-zp-year='2019' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Oskars, T. R., Too, C. C., Rees, D., Mikkelsen, P. M., Willassen, E., Malaqu\u00edas, M. A. E. (2019). A molecular phylogeny of the gastropod family Haminoeidae sensu lato (Heterobranchia: Cephalaspidea): a generic revision. <i>Invertebrate Systematics<\/i>, <i>33<\/i>(2), 426-472. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/IS18051&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1071\/IS18051<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48714-1246567-T6S7EQ66\" data-zp-author-date='Say-1822' data-zp-date-author='1822-Say' data-zp-date='1822' data-zp-year='1822' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Say, T. (1822). An account of some of the marine shells of the United States. <i>Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia<\/i>, <i>2<\/i>(1), 221-248; 2(2), 257-276, 302-325.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48714-1246567-266V72ET\" data-zp-author-date='Wranik-and-Malaqu\u00edas-2018' data-zp-date-author='2018-Wranik-and-Malaqu\u00edas' data-zp-date='2018' data-zp-year='2018' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Wranik, W., Malaqu\u00edas, M. A. E. (2018). Zum Auftreten der Kopfschildschnecke Haminoea solitaria (Say 1822) im Bereich der deutschen Ostseek\u00fcste. <i>Mitteilungen der Deutschen Malakozoologischen Gesellschaft<\/i>, <i>99<\/i>, 1-20.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n<p><\/p>Bibliography based on the works by <b>Steve Long, 2006<\/b>. <a target=_blank href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Long-S.-2006-Bibliography-of-Opisthobranchia-1554-2000.pdf>Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000<\/a> and <b>Gary McDonald, 2009<\/b>. <a href=http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8115h0wz>Bibliographia Nudibranchia<\/a>, with later updates from other resources.<p><\/p><\/ul><p><\/p><p><strong>Further reading<\/strong><\/p><span style=\"font-size:10pt\"><ul><ul class=\"blogroll-links\"><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gbif.org\/taxon\/7RH6D\">GBIF<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.gu.se\/en\/news\/newly-arrived-bubble-snail-discovered-in-experiment-on-eelgrass\">G\u00f6teborgs Universitet<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.inaturalist.org\/taxa\/900544-Haminella-solitaria\">iNaturalist<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/obis.org\/taxon\/1342053\">OBIS<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/marinespecies.org\/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&#038;id=1342053\" target=\"_blank\">World Register of Marine Species<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/ul><\/span><p><strong>Cite this article as: <\/strong><\/p><div style=\"display: block; background: #444444; padding: 10px 30px 10px 10px; border-radius: 5px; line-height: 18px;\"><p class=\"citacio\"><b>Pontes, Miquel<\/b> (2025) <em>\"Haminella solitaria\"<\/em> in <em>OPK-Opistobranquis<\/em>. Published: 16\/09\/2026. Accessed: 16\/09\/2026. Available at (<a href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/?p=48714>https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/?p=48714<\/a>)<\/p><p><\/p><\/div><p><\/p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Haminella solitaria (Say, 1822) Synonyms Bulla solitaria Say, 1822 Haminea solitaria (Say, 1822) Haminoea solitaria (Say, 1822) Description Haminella solitaria (Say, 1822) is a small cephalaspidean gastropod belonging to the family Haminoeidae, reaching approximately 20 mm in length when fully extended. It has a thin, fragile and translucent internal shell, partially covered by the animal\u2019s tissues, which is generally whitish or yellowish when clean. The body is usually brownish or\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/cephalaspidea\/haminoeoidea\/haminella-solitaria\/\">Continue reading<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":48717,"parent":26137,"menu_order":2065,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-48714","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48714","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48714"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48714\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":48719,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48714\/revisions\/48719"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/26137"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/48717"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48714"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}