{"id":5131,"date":"2012-12-13T12:52:31","date_gmt":"2012-12-13T11:52:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/gimnosomats-gymnosomatagimnosomados-gymnosomatagymnosomata"},"modified":"2026-11-03T16:58:05","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T15:58:05","slug":"gymnosomata","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/","title":{"rendered":"Gymnosomata"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Gymnosomata, commonly known as sea angels, are a group of marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs traditionally classified among the pteropods. They are specialised for life in the open ocean and are recognised by their delicate, often transparent bodies and wing-like extensions of the foot, called parapodia, which they use to swim. Unlike their close relatives, the sea butterflies (Thecosomata), adult gymnosomes lack an external shell. Their streamlined bodies and active swimming movements make them particularly distinctive among pelagic gastropods.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Sea Angels\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JVMyg9dXkWo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Gymnosomata occur in marine environments throughout the world&#8217;s oceans, from polar waters to tropical seas. Many species inhabit the open ocean, where they form part of the zooplankton and may be distributed across a wide range of depths. Some live in relatively shallow waters, while others are associated with colder or deeper oceanic environments. Their distribution is influenced by water temperature, currents, food availability and seasonal changes. Although many species are small and difficult to observe, they can play an important role in planktonic communities.<\/p>\n<p>One of the group&#8217;s most characteristic features is its body shape and specialised locomotion. The body is generally elongated and transparent, with a distinct head bearing sensory structures and a foot modified into two wing-like parapodia. These structures beat rhythmically, allowing the animal to move through the water with a swimming motion that resembles the flight of a tiny angel. The absence of an external shell gives gymnosomes greater freedom of movement and distinguishes them clearly from the shelled sea butterflies. Their anatomy, including the arrangement of the parapodia and the structures associated with feeding, helps researchers distinguish species and investigate their evolutionary relationships.<\/p>\n<p>Gymnosomata are predominantly carnivorous predators. Many species feed on other pteropods, especially shelled sea butterflies belonging to Thecosomata. Their specialised feeding apparatus allows them to capture and consume their prey, sometimes by extracting the soft body from its shell. This close predator\u2013prey relationship is one of the most remarkable ecological interactions among pelagic gastropods. By feeding on other planktonic animals, gymnosomes contribute to the transfer of energy through oceanic food webs and influence the dynamics of zooplankton communities.<\/p>\n<p>Their dependence on other planktonic organisms makes gymnosomes sensitive to changes in the structure and abundance of their prey communities. Ocean currents, temperature shifts, seasonal productivity and changes in the distribution of sea butterflies can all influence their occurrence and feeding opportunities. Because many gymnosomes are fragile and difficult to collect without damage, important aspects of their biology, life cycles and population dynamics remain poorly understood. Continued plankton surveys and advances in molecular identification are helping to improve knowledge of these elusive animals.<\/p>\n<p>The taxonomy and evolutionary relationships of Gymnosomata have been investigated through anatomical and molecular studies. Although traditionally treated as a distinct order or major group of pteropods, their classification is part of the broader revision of gastropod relationships within Heterobranchia. Their shell-free adult body, specialised swimming structures and predatory lifestyle illustrate the remarkable diversity of adaptations that have evolved among marine gastropods. Often overlooked because of their small size and pelagic habitat, sea angels are an intriguing component of ocean biodiversity and provide valuable insights into the ecology and evolution of life in the open sea.<\/p>\n<p>According to WoRMS the presently accepted taxonomy for Gymnosomata is:<\/p>\n    <style>\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader {\n            display: flex;\n            gap: 4px;\n            align-items: center;\n            justify-content: center;\n            height: 24px;\n            margin-bottom: 1em;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span {\n            display: block;\n            width: 4px;\n            height: 16px;\n            background: currentColor;\n            animation: opkTaxonomyBarPulse 1.2s infinite ease-in-out;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(1) { animation-delay: 0s; }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.2s; }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 0.4s; }\n\n        @keyframes opkTaxonomyBarPulse {\n            0%, 100% { transform: scaleY(0.5); opacity: 0.5; }\n            50% { transform: scaleY(1); opacity: 1; }\n        }\n\n        .opk-taxonomy-tree ul {\n            margin-top: 0.15em;\n            margin-bottom: 0.15em;\n            margin-left: 1em;\n            padding-left: 1em;\n            list-style-type: disc;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-tree li {\n            margin: 0.1em 0;\n        }\n    <\/style>\n    <div id=\"opk-taxonomy-tree-3\" class=\"opk-taxonomy-tree\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n        <div class=\"opk-taxonomy-loader\" role=\"status\" aria-label=\"Loading\">\n            <span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <script>\n    (function () {\n        var container = document.getElementById(\"opk-taxonomy-tree-3\");\n        if (!container) return;\n\n        fetch(\"https:\\\/\\\/opistobranquis.info\\\/wp-admin\\\/admin-ajax.php?action=opk_load_taxonomy_tree&slug&taxon&max_rank=Genus&lang=en\", { credentials: 'same-origin' })\n            .then(function (response) {\n                if (!response.ok) throw new Error('HTTP ' + response.status);\n                return response.text();\n            })\n            .then(function (html) {\n                container.innerHTML = html;\n            })\n            .catch(function () {\n                container.textContent = '\u26a0\ufe0f';\n            });\n    })();\n    <\/script>\n    \n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>These are some species cited in the Mediterranean Sea or around the Iberian Peninsula:<\/p>\n\n    <div\n        class=\"autonav-grid autonav-columns-3\"\n    >\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/clione-limacina\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"607\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?fit=900%2C607&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Clione limacina eating Limacina by Alexander Semenov\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?resize=150%2C101&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?resize=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" data-attachment-id=\"17082\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/clione-limacina\/clione-limacina-eating-limacina-by-alexander-semenov\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?fit=900%2C607&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"900,607\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Clione limacina eating Limacina by Alexander Semenov\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Clione limacina eating Limacina by Alexander Semenov&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Clione limacina&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?fit=900%2C607&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Clione limacina                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/cliopsis-krohnii\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Cliopsis-krohni-%40-Lake-Worth-Lagoon-Florida-USA-by-Anne-DuPont-DSC_0233.jpg?fit=900%2C675&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Cliopsis krohnii @ Lake Worth Lagoon, Florida, USA 2-10-2011 by Anne DuPont\" loading=\"lazy\" data-attachment-id=\"22903\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/cliopsis-krohnii\/cliopsis-krohni-lake-worth-lagoon-florida-usa-by-anne-dupont-dsc_0233\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Cliopsis-krohni-%40-Lake-Worth-Lagoon-Florida-USA-by-Anne-DuPont-DSC_0233.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,768\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Cliopsis krohnii @ Lake Worth Lagoon, Florida, USA 2-10-2011 by Anne DuPont\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Cliopsis krohnii @ Lake Worth Lagoon, Florida, USA 2-10-2011 by Anne DuPont &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Cliopsis krohnii @ Lake Worth Lagoon, Florida, USA 2-10-2011&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Cliopsis-krohni-%40-Lake-Worth-Lagoon-Florida-USA-by-Anne-DuPont-DSC_0233.jpg?fit=900%2C675&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Cliopsis krohnii                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/pneumoderma-mediterraneum\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?w=580&amp;ssl=1 580w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?resize=150%2C88&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?resize=300%2C176&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" data-attachment-id=\"10376\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/nudiblank\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"580,342\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"nudiblank\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Pneumoderma mediterraneum                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/pneumoderma-violaceum\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?w=580&amp;ssl=1 580w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?resize=150%2C88&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?resize=300%2C176&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" data-attachment-id=\"10376\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/nudiblank\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"580,342\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"nudiblank\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Pneumoderma violaceum                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n    \n<p><p><strong>Bibliography<\/strong><\/p><ul><div id=\"zotpress-38ccb8ad8f66777449e68f74cdb326d4\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID ZP_ATTR\">1246567<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID ZP_ATTR\">Gymnosomata<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT ZP_ATTR\">50<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">creator<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span 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Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the excretory system of two pelagic opisthobranch species (Gastropoda: Gymnosomata and Thecosomata). <i>J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol<\/i>, <i>32<\/i>(2), 185-94.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-PXH7C2SM\" data-zp-author-date='Klussmann-Kolb-and-Dinapoli-2006' data-zp-date-author='2006-Klussmann-Kolb-and-Dinapoli' data-zp-date='2006' data-zp-year='2006' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Klussmann-Kolb, A., Dinapoli, A. (2006). Systematic position of the pelagic Thecosomata and Gymnosomata within Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) - revival of the Pteropoda. <i>Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research<\/i>, <i>44<\/i>(2), 118-129. <a class='zp-DOIURL' target='_blank' href='https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0469.2006.00351.x'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0469.2006.00351.x<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-NBVMQ29Z\" data-zp-author-date='Lalli-and-Conover-1973' data-zp-date-author='1973-Lalli-and-Conover' data-zp-date='1973' data-zp-year='1973' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Lalli, C. M., Conover, R. J. (1973). Reproduction and development of Paedoclione doliiformis, and a comparison with Clione limacina (Opisthobranchia, Gymnosomata). <i>Marine Biology, 19: 13-22, 7 figs.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-D4M3S48G\" data-zp-author-date='Massy-1920' data-zp-date-author='1920-Massy' data-zp-date='1920' data-zp-year='1920' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Massy, A. L. (1920). Eupteropoda (Pteropoda Thecosomata) and Pterota (Pteropoda Gymnosomata). British Antarctic ('Terra Nova\u2019) Expedition 1910, Nat. Hist. rep, Zoology, 2(9). Mollusca, 3, 203-232, 9 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-T477RK9K\" data-zp-author-date='Massy-1932' data-zp-date-author='1932-Massy' data-zp-date='1932' data-zp-year='1932' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Massy, A. L. (1932). Mollusca: Gastropoda Thecosomata and Gymnosomata. Disc. Reports, 3: 267296, pl 39.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-F5I5T8E4\" data-zp-author-date='McGowan-1968' data-zp-date-author='1968-McGowan' data-zp-date='1968' data-zp-year='1968' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">McGowan, J. A. 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Zhurn., 42(9): 1317-1328, 6 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-6IH8EP6F\" data-zp-author-date='Morton-1957' data-zp-date-author='1957-Morton' data-zp-date='1957' data-zp-year='1957' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Morton, J. E. (1957). Opisthobranch Mollusca, Gymnosomata fam Clionidae. Fiches; Cons. intern. Explor. Mer, Zooplankton-sheet, 80: 1-4, 7 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-BNURE2BX\" data-zp-author-date='Newman-1989' data-zp-date-author='1989-Newman' data-zp-date='1989' data-zp-year='1989' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Newman, L. J. (1989). Pneumodermopsis spoeli, a New Pteropod (Opisthobranchia: Gymnosomata) from Australian Waters. Bull. Zool. Mus. Univ. Van Amsterdam 12(4):81-88.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-I3EG253D\" data-zp-author-date='Pelseneer-1887' data-zp-date-author='1887-Pelseneer' data-zp-date='1887' data-zp-year='1887' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pelseneer, P. (1887). Report on the Pteropoda, 1. The Gymnosomata. Report of the H M.S. Challenger, 19(4): .<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-Z73BGDZR\" data-zp-author-date='Pruvot-Fol-1934' data-zp-date-author='1934-Pruvot-Fol' data-zp-date='1934' data-zp-year='1934' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pruvot Fol, A. (1934). Faune et flore de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. GastropodaOpisthobranchiaGymnosomata. Comm Intern. Expl Sc. Mer M\u00e9diterr.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-97AJCTMZ\" data-zp-author-date='Starobogatov-1971' data-zp-date-author='1971-Starobogatov' data-zp-date='1971' data-zp-year='1971' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Starobogatov, J. I. (1971). Ordo Thecosomata; ordo Gymnosomata; ordo Heteropoda, In: Polevoy oprodeliteli planktona. Moscou (Zool. Inst. Akad): (without page or figure numbers, not bound, mimeographed).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-GIHCKPWN\" data-zp-author-date='Tesch-1950' data-zp-date-author='1950-Tesch' data-zp-date='1950' data-zp-year='1950' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Tesch, J. J. (1950). The Gymnosomata, 2. Dana Rep, 6(36): 1-55, 37 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-XEAT236Q\" data-zp-author-date='Tesch-1903' data-zp-date-author='1903-Tesch' data-zp-date='1903' data-zp-year='1903' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Tesch, J. J. (1903). <i>Vorl\u00e4ufige Mitteilung \u00fcber die Thecosomata und Gymnosomata der Siboga-Expedition<\/i>. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging (2) 9 (2): 111-117.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-Z9X3H9PV\" data-zp-author-date='Tesch-1904' data-zp-date-author='1904-Tesch' data-zp-date='1904' data-zp-year='1904' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Tesch, J. J. (1904). <i>The Thecosomata and Gymnosomata of the Siboga Expedition<\/i>. Siboga- Expeditie, Leiden, E.J. 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Phylogenetic analysis of Euthyneura (Gastropoda) by means of the 16S rRNA gene: use of a \u00abfast\u00bb gene for \u00abhigher-level\u00bb phylogenies. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences<\/i>, <i>266<\/i>(1414), 75-83. <a class='zp-DOIURL' target='_blank' href='https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1999.0606'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1999.0606<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-X9BVDKPU\" data-zp-author-date='van-der-Spoel-1972' data-zp-date-author='1972-van-der-Spoel' data-zp-date='1972' data-zp-year='1972' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">van der Spoel, T. S. (1972). A taxonomical outline of the Gymnosomata (Mollusca). Basteria, 36(25): 7588.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-H8W8Z3RF\" data-zp-author-date='van-der-Spoel-1976' data-zp-date-author='1976-van-der-Spoel' data-zp-date='1976' data-zp-year='1976' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">van der Spoel, S. (1976). <i>Pseudothecosomata, Gymnosomata and Heteropoda (Gastropoda).<\/i> Utrecht (Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema): 484 pp, 246 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-67TWEMB9\" data-zp-author-date='Vortsepneva-and-Tzetlin-2014' data-zp-date-author='2014-Vortsepneva-and-Tzetlin' data-zp-date='2014' data-zp-year='2014' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Vortsepneva, E. V., Tzetlin, A. B. (2014). NEW DATA ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF HOOKS IN CLIONE LIMACINA (GASTROPODA, OPISTOBRANCHIA) AND DIVERSITY OF THE JAW APPARATUS IN GASTROPODS. <i>Zoologichesky Zhurnal<\/i>, <i>93<\/i>(3), 466-478. <a class='zp-DOIURL' target='_blank' href='https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7868\/s0044513414030179'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7868\/s0044513414030179<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n<p><\/p>Bibliography based on the works by <b>Steve Long, 2006<\/b>. <a target=_blank href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Long-S.-2006-Bibliography-of-Opisthobranchia-1554-2000.pdf>Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000<\/a> and <b>Gary McDonald, 2009<\/b>. <a href=http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8115h0wz>Bibliographia Nudibranchia<\/a>, with later updates from other resources.<p><\/p><\/ul><p><\/p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Gymnosomata, commonly known as sea angels, are a group of marine heterobranch gastropod molluscs traditionally classified among the pteropods. They are specialised for life in the open ocean and are recognised by their delicate, often transparent bodies and wing-like extensions of the foot, called parapodia, which they use to swim. Unlike their close relatives, the sea butterflies (Thecosomata), adult gymnosomes lack an external shell. Their streamlined bodies and active swimming\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/\">Continue reading<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":291,"featured_media":8578,"parent":25094,"menu_order":1142,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5131","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/291"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5131"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49030,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5131\/revisions\/49030"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25094"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8578"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}