- \n
- The families Flabellinidae and Piseinotecidae are not monophyletic.<\/li>\n
- There are two well differentiated clades (groups), that of Coryphella pedata<\/em> and similar species with cerata growing directly from the back of the animal and that of Flabellina affinis<\/em> and similar species, with the cerata growing from a stalk or pod growing from the back of the animal, which they consider an important synapomorphy of the clade while the individual union of each cerata to the back is considered a plesiomorphy.<\/li>\n
- Genus Calmella<\/em> is synonymous with Flabellina<\/em>.<\/li>\n
- Species Calmella cavolini<\/em>, Piseinotecus gaditanus<\/em> and Piseinotecus gabinierei<\/em> are included in the genus Flabellina<\/em>, as F. cavolini<\/em>, F. gaditana<\/em> and F. gabinierei<\/em> respectively. In the case of the two species initially attributed to Piseinoteus<\/em>, P. gaditanus<\/em> and P. gabinierei<\/em>, the authors show that their radulas are triseriate and not monoseriate, which classifies them within the Flabellinidae and not within the Piseinotecidae.<\/li>\n
- The species\u00a0Flabellina confusa<\/em>\u00a0of the North-East Atlantic is synonymous with F. gaditana<\/em>.<\/li>\n
- The Atlantic and Mediterranean populations of Flabellina ischitana<\/em> have sufficient molecular differences (minimum p-distance of 12.5%) to be considered two different species. Admitting the Mediterranean specimens as F. ischitana,<\/em>\u00a0the Atlantic ones are possibly a new species still under study.<\/li>\n
- Calmella cavolini<\/em>\u00a0and Flabellina confusa<\/em> \/ Piseinotecus gaditanus<\/em> species, in addition to having a very similar morphology, have very low genetic distances of 5.0%, which, together with the relatively large intraspecific divergence found in C. cavolini<\/em> (1.8%), means that a more in-depth study must be conducted to find out if they are two different species or the same species with a big genetic variability.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
The goal of Furfaro et al. was to molecularly characterize the Mediterranean species by comparing them with other GenBank data of species from the Atlantic and other geographic areas.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Korshunova et al<\/em><\/strong>. (2017) is based on both\u00a0molecular analysis (COI, 16S, 28S and H3 genes) and morphological analysis of Flabellinidae species from the Arctic, North Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. This extensive article confirms the polyphily of the Flabellinidae family and represents an authentic revolution not only for the taxonomy of the Flabellinidae but for the organization in families of all the aeolidaceans. The authors also focus on the fact that the phylogeny of the Flabellinidae can not be understood without considering members of other Aeolidacea families and that morphological characters, not only molecular ones, must have their importance when establishing phylogenies. In Figure 2 of their paper they show the resulting phylogenetic tree with the relationships between the different families and genera of the Aeolidacea. Among the many conclusions of this paper the most interesting ones are:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Three new families are proposed to include species that were within the traditional Flabellinidae: Apataidae, Flabellinopsidae and Samlidae.<\/li>\n
- Families Coryphellidae and Paracoryphellidae are restored.<\/li>\n
- Unidentidae family is confirmed based on morphological and molecular data.<\/li>\n
- The new genera Polaria<\/em> and Ziminella<\/em> are created within the Paracoryphellidae family.<\/li>\n
- The new Baenopsis<\/em> genus is created within the Flabellinopsidae family.<\/li>\n
- The new genera Borealea<\/em>, Fjordia<\/em>, Gulenia<\/em>, Itaxia<\/em>, Microchlamylla<\/em>, Occidenthella<\/em> and Orienthella<\/em> are created within the Coryphellidae family.<\/li>\n
- The new genera Carronella<\/em>, Edmundsella<\/em> and Paraflabellina<\/em> are created within the Flabellinidae family.<\/li>\n
- The new Pacifia<\/em> genus is created within the Unidentiidae family.<\/li>\n
- The new genus Luisella<\/em> is created within the new Samlidae family.<\/li>\n
- The new Apata<\/em> genus is created within the new Apataidae family.<\/li>\n
- The genus Piseinotecus <\/em>remains within\u00a0the Flabellinidae family.<\/li>\n
- The Calmella<\/em> genus remains within the Flabellinidae family.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
All these changes of new genera and families of the paper by Korshunova et al. affect many European Flabellinidae species, such as:<\/p>\n
- \n
- Flabellina baetica<\/em> Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez, 1984 is transferred to the genus\u00a0Baenopsis<\/em> as\u00a0B. baetica<\/em> (Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez, 1984), within the new Flabellinopsidae family.<\/li>\n
- Flabellina verrucosa<\/em> (M. Sars, 1829)\u00a0is transferred to the genus Coryphella<\/em> as\u00a0<\/span>C. verrucosa<\/em> (M. Sars, 1829) within the Coryphellidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina browni<\/em> Picton, 1980\u00a0is transferred to the new genus Fjordia<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>F. browni<\/em> (Picton, 1980) within the Coryphellidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina lineata<\/em> (Lov\u00e9n, 1846)\u00a0is transferred to the new genus Fjordia<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>F. lineata<\/em> (Lov\u00e9n, 1846) within the Coryphellidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina insolita<\/em> Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez & Cervera, 1898\u00a0based on morphological traits only is transferred to the new genus <\/span>Fjordia<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>F. insolita<\/em> (Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez & Cervera, 1898) within the Coryphellidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina gracilis<\/em> (Alder & Hancock, 1844)\u00a0is transferred to the new genus Microchlamylla<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>M. gracilis<\/em> (Alder & Hancock, 1844) within the Coryphellidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina gaditana<\/em> (Cervera, Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez & Garc\u00eda, 1987)\u00a0originally described as <\/span>Piseinotecus gaditanus<\/em> is transferred to the genus <\/span>Calmella<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>C. gaditana<\/em> (Cervera, Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez & Garc\u00eda, 1987) within the Flabellinidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina cavolini\u00a0<\/em>(V\u00e9rany, 1846) is restored to the genus Calmella<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0C.cavolini<\/em>\u00a0(V\u00e9rany, 1846) within the Flabellinidae family.<\/li>\n
- Flabellina pellucida<\/em> (Alder & Hancock, 1843)\u00a0originally described as <\/span>Eolis pellucida<\/em> (Alder & Hancock, 1843), is transferred to the new genus\u00a0<\/span>Carronella<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>C. pellucida<\/em> (Alder & Hancock, 1843).<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina pedata<\/em> (Montagu, 1815)\u00a0originally described as <\/span>Doris pedata<\/em> Montagu, 1815 and published by many authors as <\/span>Coryphella pedata<\/em>, is transferred to the new genus <\/span>Edmundsella<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>E. pedata<\/em> (Montagu, 1815), within the Flabellinidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina ischitana <\/em>Hirano & Thompson, 1990\u00a0is transferred to the new genus <\/span>Paraflabellina<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>P. ischitana<\/em> (Hirano & Thompson, 1990), within the Flabellinidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina gabinierei<\/em> (Vicente, 1975),\u00a0originally described as <\/span>Facelina gabinierei<\/em> Vicente, 1975 and published in many later papers as\u00a0<\/span>Piseinotecus gabinierei <\/em>(Vicente, 1975), is transferred to the new genus\u00a0<\/span>Paraflabellina<\/em> as\u00a0<\/span>P. <\/em>gabinierei<\/em> (Vicente, 1975), within the Flabellinidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- Flabellina babai <\/em>Schmekel, 1972\u00a0is transferred to the new genus <\/span>Luisella<\/em>\u00a0as\u00a0<\/span>L. babai<\/em> (Schmekel, 1972), within the new family Samlidae.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n
The paper by Korshunova et al. aims to delve into the phylogenetic relationships between the various members of the Flabellinidae family and the other families of the Aeolidaceans, adding many new species from Northern Europe, the Arctic and the North Pacific.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n
Similarities and differences<\/h3>\n
<\/p>\n
When comparing the results of both articles, although they are very different because the first mainly studies Mediterranean species, while the second focuses on Arctic and North Pacific species, they obtain some very similar results, which can be seen in the following figure, built with the phylogenetic trees proposed by both works (A = Furfaro et al.; B=Korshunova et al.).<\/p>\n
- Flabellina verrucosa<\/em> (M. Sars, 1829)\u00a0is transferred to the genus Coryphella<\/em> as\u00a0<\/span>C. verrucosa<\/em> (M. Sars, 1829) within the Coryphellidae family.<\/span><\/li>\n
- The new Baenopsis<\/em> genus is created within the Flabellinopsidae family.<\/li>\n
- Genus Calmella<\/em> is synonymous with Flabellina<\/em>.<\/li>\n
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