Gymnosomata
Los Gimnosomados forman un orden de opistobranquios pelágicos que junto con los Tecosomados (THECOSOMATA) son reunidos bajo el nombre de Pterópodos (PTEROPODA= pie en forma de alas) por poseer expansiones de su cuerpo que funcionan como aletas natatorias. El nombre gymnosomata hace referencia a que tienen el cuerpo (soma ) desnudo (gymnos ). Los Gimnosomados se conocen también por el nombre común de ángeles de mar .
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Descripción
Los Gimnosomados suelen tener el cuerpo semitransparente y son de talla pequeña, alcanzando pocas especies varios cm, como Clione limacina , que puede llegar a tener 5 cm de longitud. Los Gimnosomados carecen de concha y de cavidad paleal, tienen el cuerpo fusiforme o cilíndrico y de simetría bilateral.. La cabeza está bien desarrollada y posee un par de tentáculos orales y un par de rinóforos. La boca, que suele poderse evaginar en forma de probóscide o trompa, está armada con tentáculos provistos de ventosas, ganchos y una rádula con un diente mediano y varios dientes laterales. El tubo digestivo carece de molleja con placas córneas. Algunas especies tienen branquias. El pie está dividido en dos lóbulos propodiales anteriores y dos lóbulos epipodiales laterales muy desarrollados y provistos de musculatura que funcionan como aletas natatorias.
Clione limacina by Manuel Ballesteros por Manuel Ballesteros
Biología
Los Gimnosomados son planctónicos (principalmente epi y mesopelágicos) y activos nadadores pero, a diferencia de los Tecosomados, son voraces depredadores y carnívoros. Buscan activamente a sus presas, que suelen ser tecosomados, a los que capturan con ayuda de su probóscide y tentáculos bucales. Los Gimnosomados nadan más rápidamente que los Tecosomados y también efectúan migraciones verticales en la columna de agua, ascendiendo de noche a cotas someras y descendiendo a más profundidad cuando amanece. Los Gimnosomados son hermafroditas proterándricos, tienen fecundación interna y cuando dos individuos copulan los dos intercambian esperma. Poco después de la fecundación, liberan los huevos al agua embebidos en una estructura gelatinosa en forma de cordón o masa amorfa. Las larvas velígeras tienen una concha en forma de dedal que se pierde en la metamorfosis.
Distribución
Se conocen una cuarentena de especies de Gimnosomados en todo el mundo. Muchas de ellas tienen una distribución geográfica muy amplia desde los mares polares a los ecuatoriales. De algunas especies se conocen diferentes formas o subespecies según la latitud del mar en que vivan y otras como Clione limacina tienen una distribución bipolar; en esta especie, los individuos que viven en latitudes bajas, en aguas más cálidas, son de tamaño más pequeño que los que viven en aguas polares..
Taxonomía
Según el WoRMS la taxonomía actualmente aceptada de los Gimnosomados es la siguiente:
Suborden Gymnosomata
Superfamilia Clionoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Familia Clionidae Rafinesque, 1815
Género Cephalobrachia Bonnevie, 1913
Género Clione Pallas, 1774
Género Fowlerina Pelseneer, 1906
Género Massya Pruvot-Fol, 1924
Género Paedoclione Danforth, 1907
Género Paraclione Tesch, 1903
Género Thalassopterus Kwietniewski, 1910
Género Thliptodon Boas, 1886
Familia Cliopsidae O. G. Costa, 1873
Género Cliopsis Troschel, 1854
Género Pruvotella Pruvot-Fol, 1932
Familia Notobranchaeidae Pelseneer, 1886
Género Notobranchaea Pelseneer, 1886
Familia Pneumodermatidae Latreille, 1825
Género Abranchaea F.-S. Zhang, 1964
Género Platybrachium Minichev, 1976
Género Pneumoderma de Roissy, 1805
Género Pneumodermopsis Keferstein, 1862
Género Schizobrachium Meisenheimer, 1903
Género Spongiobranchaea d’Orbigny, 1836
Superfamilia Hydromyloidea Pruvot-Fol, 1942 (1862)
Familia Hydromylidae Pruvot-Fol, 1942 (1862)
Género Hydromyles Gistel, 1848
Familia Laginiopsidae Pruvot-Fol, 1922
Género Laginiopsis Pruvot-Fol, 1922
Entre las especies citadas en el Mediterráneo o en la Península Ibérica destacan:
La última especie es muy frecuente en los polos.
Bibliografía
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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006 . Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009 . Bibliographia Nudibranchia , con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.