{"id":48603,"date":"2026-09-03T14:14:40","date_gmt":"2026-09-03T12:14:40","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/?page_id=48603"},"modified":"2026-09-03T23:59:24","modified_gmt":"2026-09-03T21:59:24","slug":"cladobranchia","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/","title":{"rendered":"Cladobranchia"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\"><strong>Cladobranchia<\/strong> es uno de los dos grandes linajes evolutivos de <em>Nudibranchia<\/em>, junto con Doridina. Comprende un grupo extraordinariamente diverso de babosas marinas, caracterizado por una gran variedad de formas corporales y de estructuras dorsales y laterales especializadas.<\/p>\n<h5 style=\"text-align: center;\"><span class=\"text-token-text-primary cursor-text rounded-sm\" data-placeholder-token=\"true\"><span style=\"font-size:10pt;\" class=\"aligncenter\"><div id=\"featured-img-id\"><img data-recalc-dims=\"1\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/Tritonia-striata-by-Miquel-Pontes-MPG_2330.jpg?w=900&#038;ssl=1\" alt=\"Candiella striata by Miquel Pontes\" \/><\/div><center><em>Candiella striata<\/em> por Pontes, Miquel<\/center><\/span><p><\/p><\/span><\/h5>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Cladobranchia presenta una notable diversidad morfol\u00f3gica. Muchas especies poseen ap\u00e9ndices dorsales especializados relacionados con la respiraci\u00f3n, la defensa, la alimentaci\u00f3n o las funciones sensoriales. Los ae\u00f3lidos se caracterizan t\u00edpicamente por numerosos cerata distribuidos por la superficie dorsal. Estas estructuras contienen prolongaciones de la gl\u00e1ndula digestiva y, en muchas especies, incorporan cnidosacos, estructuras especializadas relacionadas con la defensa. Otros cladobranquios presentan procesos dorsales ramificados o dendr\u00edticos, estructuras orales ensanchadas, vainas rinof\u00f3ricas u otros ap\u00e9ndices especializados.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">El nombre Cladobranchia fue introducido por Willan y Morton (1984) para un grupo de nudibranquios que inclu\u00eda los principales linajes tradicionalmente reconocidos como ae\u00f3lidos, armin\u00e1ceos y dendronot\u00e1ceos. Posteriormente, el concepto del grupo fue revisado mediante estudios anat\u00f3micos comparativos y filogen\u00e9ticos. La incorporaci\u00f3n de datos moleculares permiti\u00f3 revisar las relaciones entre diversos linajes y puso de manifiesto que algunas agrupaciones tradicionales basadas en la morfolog\u00eda no se correspond\u00edan necesariamente con grupos evolutivos naturales.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">La filogen\u00e9tica molecular ha comportado numerosos cambios en la clasificaci\u00f3n superior de Cladobranchia. Diversas familias y superfamilias han sido creadas, redefinidas o reorganizadas a medida que se han incorporado nuevos datos. Las relaciones entre algunos de los principales linajes del grupo contin\u00faan siendo objeto de estudio, y la clasificaci\u00f3n ha ido evolucionando con la acumulaci\u00f3n de nuevas evidencias.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">La clasificaci\u00f3n propuesta por Korshunova <em>et al.<\/em> (2025) introdujo una importante reorganizaci\u00f3n de la clasificaci\u00f3n superior de los nudibranquios y adopt\u00f3 un concepto restringido de Nudibranchia. Posteriormente, Moles <em>et al.<\/em> (2026) reconsideraron esta propuesta en el contexto de su an\u00e1lisis de la estabilidad taxon\u00f3mica de los heterobranquios marinos. En el tratamiento adoptado aqu\u00ed, se mantiene el concepto amplio de Nudibranchia y Cladobranchia se considera uno de sus dos grandes linajes principales.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Cladobranchia comprende una gran diversidad de grupos, entre los que se encuentran numerosos linajes de ae\u00f3lidos y otras formas tradicionalmente agrupadas entre los armin\u00e1ceos y dendronot\u00e1ceos. La clasificaci\u00f3n superior ha experimentado diversas modificaciones y, por este motivo, la delimitaci\u00f3n y asignaci\u00f3n de algunos grupos pueden variar seg\u00fan la fuente taxon\u00f3mica utilizada.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Los ae\u00f3lidos son especialmente conocidos por sus cerata, que pueden desempe\u00f1ar funciones respiratorias, digestivas y defensivas. Algunas especies son capaces de retener nematocistos funcionales obtenidos de sus presas cnidarias e incorporarlos a los cnidosacos situados en los extremos de los cerata. Otros cladobranquios presentan mecanismos defensivos diferentes, entre los que se encuentran las defensas qu\u00edmicas, las coloraciones cr\u00edpticas y las estructuras corporales especializadas.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">Cladobranchia ocupa una amplia variedad de ambientes marinos, desde aguas costeras poco profundas y zonas intermareales hasta ambientes m\u00e1s profundos de la plataforma y el talud continental. Muchas especies mantienen relaciones tr\u00f3ficas especializadas con determinados organismos, entre los que se encuentran hidrozoos, octocorales y otros cnidarios, esponjas y briozoos. Estas especializaciones alimentarias pueden estar asociadas con adaptaciones morfol\u00f3gicas, comportamentales y qu\u00edmicas.<\/p>\n<p class=\"isSelectedEnd\">La diversidad de Cladobranchia se manifiesta tanto en su morfolog\u00eda como en sus estrategias ecol\u00f3gicas. La gran variedad de estructuras corporales, formas de alimentaci\u00f3n y mecanismos defensivos que presenta el grupo refleja una historia evolutiva compleja. Los estudios anat\u00f3micos, del desarrollo, moleculares y ecol\u00f3gicos contin\u00faan aportando informaci\u00f3n para comprender mejor las relaciones entre sus diferentes linajes y su diversificaci\u00f3n.<\/p>\n<p>La clasificaci\u00f3n que se presenta a continuaci\u00f3n refleja el marco taxon\u00f3mico actual utilizado en el World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS), teniendo en cuenta el concepto m\u00e1s amplio de Nudibranchia avalado por Moles <em>et al.<\/em> (2026):<\/p>\n<div style=\"font-size: 14px;\">\n<p><strong>Cladobranchia<\/strong><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Aeolidioidea J. E. Gray, 1827\n<ul>\n<li>Aeolidiidae J. E. Gray, 1827\n<ul>\n<li><em>Aeolidia<\/em> Cuvier, 1798<\/li>\n<li><em>Aeolidiella<\/em> Bergh, 1867<\/li>\n<li><em>Aeolidiopsis<\/em> Pruvot-Fol, 1956<\/li>\n<li><em>Anteaeolidiella<\/em> M. C. Miller, 2001<\/li>\n<li><em>Baeolidia<\/em> Bergh, 1888<\/li>\n<li><em>Berghia<\/em> Trinchese, 1877<\/li>\n<li><em>Bulbaeolidia<\/em> Carmona, Pola, Gosliner &amp; Cervera, 2013<\/li>\n<li><em>Cerberilla<\/em> Bergh, 1873<\/li>\n<li><em>Limenandra<\/em> Haefelfinger &amp; Stamm, 1958<\/li>\n<li><em>Spurilla<\/em> Bergh, 1864<\/li>\n<li><em>Zeusia<\/em> Korshunova, Zimina &amp; Martynov, 2017<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Babakinidae Roller, 1973\n<ul>\n<li><em>Babakina<\/em> Roller, 1973<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Facelinidae Bergh, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Adfacelina<\/em> Millen &amp; Hermosillo, 2012<\/li>\n<li><em>Algarvia<\/em> Garc\u00eda-G\u00f3mez &amp; Cervera, 1990<\/li>\n<li><em>Amanda<\/em> Macnae, 1954<\/li>\n<li><em>Anetarca<\/em> Gosliner, 1991<\/li>\n<li><em>Antonietta<\/em> Schmekel, 1966<\/li>\n<li><em>Austraeolis<\/em> Burn, 1962<\/li>\n<li><em>Bajaeolis<\/em> Gosliner &amp; Behrens, 1986<\/li>\n<li><em>Burnaia<\/em> M. C. Miller, 2001<\/li>\n<li><em>Caloria<\/em> Trinchese, 1888<\/li>\n<li><em>Cratena<\/em> Bergh, 1864<\/li>\n<li>Crateninae Bergh, 1889<\/li>\n<li><em>Dicata<\/em> Schmekel, 1967<\/li>\n<li><em>Echinopsole<\/em> Macnae, 1954<\/li>\n<li><em>Emarcusia<\/em> Roller, 1972<\/li>\n<li><em>Facelina<\/em> Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855<\/li>\n<li>Facelininae Bergh, 1889<\/li>\n<li><em>Facelinopsis<\/em> Pruvot-Fol, 1954<\/li>\n<li>Favorininae Bergh, 1889<\/li>\n<li><em>Favorinus<\/em> J. E. Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<li><em>Hermosita<\/em> Gosliner &amp; Behrens, 1986<\/li>\n<li><em>Herviella<\/em> Baba, 1949<\/li>\n<li>Herviellinae Burn, 1967<\/li>\n<li><em>Janssonius<\/em> Ortea &amp; Moro, 2022<\/li>\n<li><em>Jason<\/em> M. C. Miller, 1974<\/li>\n<li><em>Learchis<\/em> Bergh, 1896<\/li>\n<li><em>Moridilla<\/em> Bergh, 1888<\/li>\n<li><em>Myja<\/em> Bergh, 1896<\/li>\n<li><em>Noumeaella<\/em> Risbec, 1937<\/li>\n<li><em>Palisa<\/em> Edmunds, 1964<\/li>\n<li><em>Pauleo<\/em> Millen &amp; Hamann, 1992<\/li>\n<li><em>Phidiana<\/em> Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<li><em>Pruvotfolia<\/em> J. Tardy, 1970<\/li>\n<li>Pteraeolidiinae Risbec, 1953\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pteraeolidia<\/em> Bergh, 1875<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><em>Sakuraeolis<\/em> Baba, 1965<\/li>\n<li><em>Setoeolis<\/em> Baba, 1965<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Flabellinidae Bergh, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Calmella<\/em> Eliot, 1906<\/li>\n<li><em>Carronella<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Coryphellina<\/em> O&#8217;Donoghue, 1929<\/li>\n<li><em>Edmundsella<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Flabellina<\/em> McMurtrie, 1831<\/li>\n<li><em>Paraflabellina<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Flabellinopsidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Baenopsis<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Flabellinopsis<\/em> MacFarland, 1966<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Glaucidae Gray, 1827\n<ul>\n<li><em>Glaucilla<\/em> Bergh, 1861<\/li>\n<li><em>Glaucus<\/em> Forster, 1777<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hantazuidae Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hantazuia<\/em> Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Myrrhinidae Bergh, 1905\n<ul>\n<li><em>Dondice<\/em> Er. Marcus, 1958<\/li>\n<li><em>Godiva<\/em> Macnae, 1954<\/li>\n<li><em>Hermissenda<\/em> Bergh, 1879<\/li>\n<li><em>Nanuca<\/em> Er. Marcus, 1957<\/li>\n<li><em>Nemesignis<\/em> Furfaro &amp; Mariottini, 2021<\/li>\n<li><em>Phyllodesmium<\/em> Ehrenberg, 1831<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970\n<ul>\n<li><em>Piseinotecus<\/em> Er. Marcus, 1955<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pleurolidiidae Burn, 1966\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pleurolidia<\/em> Burn, 1966<\/li>\n<li><em>Protaeolidiella<\/em> Baba, 1955<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Apataoidea Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li>Apataidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Apata<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Tularia<\/em> Burn, 1966<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Chudoidea Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025\n<ul>\n<li>Chudidae Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025\n<ul>\n<li><em>Chudo<\/em> Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Embletonioidea Pruvot-Fol, 1954\n<ul>\n<li>Embletoniidae Pruvot-Fol, 1954\n<ul>\n<li><em>Embletonia<\/em> Alder &amp; Hancock, 1851<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Fionoidea J. E. Gray, 1857\n<ul>\n<li>Abronicidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Abronica<\/em> Cella, Carmona, Ekimova, Chichvarkhin, Schepetov &amp; Gosliner, 2016<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Calmidae Iredale &amp; O&#8217;Donoghue, 1923\n<ul>\n<li><em>Calma<\/em> Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Coryphellidae Bergh, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Borealea<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Corrupta<\/em> Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Coryphella<\/em> J. E. Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<li><em>Fjordia<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Gulenia<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Himatina<\/em> Thiele, 1931<\/li>\n<li><em>Itaxia<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Microchlamylla<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Occidenthella<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Orienthella<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Portorchardia<\/em> Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cumanotidae Odhner, 1907\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cumanotus<\/em> Odhner, 1907<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cuthonellidae M. C. Miller, 1977\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cratenopsis<\/em> Lemche, 1935<\/li>\n<li><em>Cuthonella<\/em> Bergh, 1884<\/li>\n<li><em>Fiocuthona<\/em> Martynov, 1992<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Cuthonidae Odhner, 1934\n<ul>\n<li><em>Bohuslania<\/em> Korshunova, Lundin, Malmberg, Picton &amp; Martynov, 2018<\/li>\n<li><em>Cuthona<\/em> Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Eubranchidae Odhner, 1934\n<ul>\n<li><em>Aenigmastyletus<\/em> Martynov, 1998<\/li>\n<li><em>Amphorina<\/em> Quatrefages, 1844<\/li>\n<li><em>Annulorhina<\/em> K. P. Rao, 1968<\/li>\n<li><em>Capellinia<\/em> Trinchese, 1873<\/li>\n<li><em>Corruptobranchus<\/em> Martynov &amp; Korshunova, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Dunga<\/em> Eliot, 1902<\/li>\n<li><em>Eubranchopsis<\/em> Baba, 1949<\/li>\n<li><em>Eubranchulus<\/em> Martynov &amp; Korshunova, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Eubranchus<\/em> Forbes, 1838<\/li>\n<li><em>Galvinella<\/em> Eliot, 1907<\/li>\n<li><em>Karavellia<\/em> Martynov &amp; Korshunova, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Leostyletus<\/em> Martynov, 1998<\/li>\n<li><em>Nudibranchus<\/em> Martynov, 1998<\/li>\n<li><em>Produnga<\/em> Martynov, 1998<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Fionidae J. E. Gray, 1857\n<ul>\n<li><em>Fiona<\/em> Alder &amp; Hancock, 1853<\/li>\n<li><em>Tergiposacca<\/em> Cella, Carmona, Ekimova, Chichvarkhin, Schepetov &amp; Gosliner, 2016<\/li>\n<li><em>Zatteria<\/em> Eliot, 1902<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Magallanidae Ortea &amp; Moro, 2020\n<ul>\n<li><em>Magallanes<\/em> Ortea &amp; Moro, 2020<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Murmaniidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Guyvalvoria<\/em> Vayssi\u00e8re, 1906<\/li>\n<li><em>Murmania<\/em> Martynov, 2006<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Paracoryphellidae M. C. Miller, 1971\n<ul>\n<li><em>Chlamylla<\/em> Bergh, 1886<\/li>\n<li><em>Paracoryphella<\/em> M. C. Miller, 1971<\/li>\n<li><em>Polaria<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Ziminella<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pinufiidae Er. Marcus &amp; Ev. Marcus, 1960\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pinufius<\/em> Er. Marcus &amp; Ev. Marcus, 1960<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Pseudovermidae Thiele, 1931\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pseudovermis<\/em> Perejaslavtzeva, 1891<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tergipedidae Bergh, 1889\n<ul>\n<li><em>Tergipes<\/em> Cuvier, 1805<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Trinchesiidae F. Nordsieck, 1972\n<ul>\n<li><em>Catriona<\/em> Winckworth, 1941<\/li>\n<li><em>Diaphoreolis<\/em> Iredale &amp; O&#8217;Donoghue, 1923<\/li>\n<li><em>Phestilla<\/em> Bergh, 1874<\/li>\n<li><em>Rubramoena<\/em> Cella, Carmona, Ekimova, Chichvarkhin, Schepetov &amp; Gosliner, 2016<\/li>\n<li><em>Selva<\/em> Edmunds, 1964<\/li>\n<li><em>Tenellia<\/em> A. Costa, 1866<\/li>\n<li><em>Trinchesia<\/em> Ihering, 1879<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Xenocratenidae Martynov, Lundin, Picton, Fletcher, Malmberg &amp; Korshunova, 2020\n<ul>\n<li><em>Xenocratena<\/em> Odhner, 1940<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Notaeolidioidea Eliot, 1910\n<ul>\n<li>Notaeolidiidae Eliot, 1910\n<ul>\n<li><em>Notaeolidia<\/em> Eliot, 1905<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Samloidea Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li>Samlidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Luisella<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Samla<\/em> Bergh, 1900<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Unidentioidea Millen &amp; Hermosillo, 2012\n<ul>\n<li>Unidentiidae Millen &amp; Hermosillo, 2012\n<ul>\n<li><em>Pacifia<\/em> Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, H. Saito, Lundin, Schr\u00f6dl &amp; Picton, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Phetia<\/em> Korshunova, Fletcher &amp; Martynov, 2025<\/li>\n<li><em>Unidentia<\/em> Millen &amp; Hermosillo, 2012<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Arminoidea Iredale &amp; O&#8217;Donoghue, 1923 (1841)\n<ul>\n<li>Arminidae Iredale &amp; O&#8217;Donoghue, 1923 (1841)\n<ul>\n<li><em>Armina<\/em> Rafinesque, 1814<\/li>\n<li><em>Atthila<\/em> Bergh, 1899<\/li>\n<li><em>Dermatobranchus<\/em> van Hasselt, 1824<\/li>\n<li><em>Histiomena<\/em> M\u00f6rch, 1859<\/li>\n<li><em>Pleurophyllidiella<\/em> Eliot, 1903<\/li>\n<li><em>Pleurophyllidiopsis<\/em> S. Tchang, 1934<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dendronotoidea Allman, 1845\n<ul>\n<li>Bornellidae Bergh, 1874\n<ul>\n<li><em>Bornella<\/em> Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dendronotidae Allman, 1845\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cabangus<\/em> Korshunova, Bakken, Gr\u00f8tan, K. B. Johnson, Lundin &amp; Martynov, 2020<\/li>\n<li><em>Dendronotus<\/em> Alder &amp; Hancock, 1845<\/li>\n<li><em>Pseudobornella<\/em> Baba, 1932<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dotidae Gray, 1853\n<ul>\n<li><em>Caecinella<\/em> Bergh, 1870<\/li>\n<li><em>Doto<\/em> Oken, 1815<\/li>\n<li><em>Kabeiro<\/em> Shipman &amp; Gosliner, 2015<\/li>\n<li><em>Miesea<\/em> Er. Marcus, 1961<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Hancockiidae MacFarland, 1923\n<ul>\n<li><em>Hancockia<\/em> Gosse, 1877<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lomanotidae Bergh, 1890\n<ul>\n<li><em>Lomanotus<\/em> V\u00e9rany, 1844<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Phylliroidae Menke, 1830\n<ul>\n<li><em>Cephalopyge<\/em> Hanel, 1905<\/li>\n<li><em>Phylliroe<\/em> F. P\u00e9ron &amp; Lesueur, 1810<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Scyllaeidae Alder &amp; Hancock, 1855\n<ul>\n<li><em>Crosslandia<\/em> Eliot, 1902<\/li>\n<li><em>Notobryon<\/em> Odhner, 1936<\/li>\n<li><em>Scyllaea<\/em> Linnaeus, 1758<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tethydidae Rafinesque, 1815\n<ul>\n<li><em>Melibe<\/em> Rang, 1829<\/li>\n<li><em>Tethys<\/em> Linnaeus, 1767<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Proctonotoidea J. E. Gray, 1853\n<ul>\n<li>Curnonidae d&#8217;Udekem d&#8217;Acoz, 2017\n<ul>\n<li><em>Curnon<\/em> d&#8217;Udekem d&#8217;Acoz, 2017<\/li>\n<li><em>Pseudotritonia<\/em> Thiele, 1912<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Dironidae Eliot, 1910\n<ul>\n<li><em>Dirona<\/em> MacFarland, 1905<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Goniaeolididae Odhner, 1907\n<ul>\n<li><em>Goniaeolis<\/em> M. Sars, 1861<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Janolidae Pruvot-Fol, 1933\n<ul>\n<li><em>Antiopella<\/em> Hoyle, 1902<\/li>\n<li><em>Bonisa<\/em> Gosliner, 1981<\/li>\n<li><em>Galeojanolus<\/em> M. C. Miller, 1971<\/li>\n<li><em>Janolus<\/em> Bergh, 1884<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Lemindidae R. J. Griffiths, 1985\n<ul>\n<li><em>Leminda<\/em> R. J. Griffiths, 1985<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Madrellidae Preston, 1911\n<ul>\n<li><em>Eliotia<\/em> Vayssi\u00e8re, 1909<\/li>\n<li><em>Madrella<\/em> Alder &amp; Hancock, 1864<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Proctonotidae J. E. Gray, 1853\n<ul>\n<li><em>Caldukia<\/em> Burn &amp; M. C. Miller, 1969<\/li>\n<li><em>Proctonotus<\/em> Alder &amp; Hancock, 1844<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tritonioidea Lamarck, 1809\n<ul>\n<li>Tritoniidae Lamarck, 1809\n<ul>\n<li>Marioniinae F. V. Silva, Pola &amp; Cervera, 2023\n<ul>\n<li><em>Marionia<\/em> Vayssi\u00e8re, 1877<\/li>\n<li><em>Marioniopsis<\/em> Odhner, 1934<\/li>\n<li><em>Paratritonia<\/em> Baba, 1949<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li>Tritoniinae Lamarck, 1809\n<ul>\n<li><em>Candiella<\/em> J. E. Gray, 1850<\/li>\n<li><em>Marianina<\/em> Pruvot-Fol, 1931<\/li>\n<li><em>Myrella<\/em> Odhner, 1963<\/li>\n<li><em>Tochuina<\/em> Odhner, 1963<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritonia<\/em> Cuvier, 1797<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritonicula<\/em> Korshunova &amp; Martynov, 2020<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritonidoxa<\/em> Bergh, 1907<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritoniella<\/em> Eliot, 1907<\/li>\n<li><em>Tritoniopsis<\/em> Eliot, 1905<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Grupos principales de Cladobranchia:<\/p>\n\r\n    <div\r\n        class=\"autonav-grid autonav-columns-3\"\r\n    >\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/aeolidioidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"812\" height=\"614\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?fit=812%2C614&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Nemesignis banyulensis by Enric Madrenas\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?w=812&amp;ssl=1 812w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?resize=300%2C226&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 812px) 100vw, 812px\" data-attachment-id=\"4369\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/aeolidioidea\/nemesignis-banyulensis\/dondice-banyulensis-23\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?fit=812%2C614&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"812,614\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Nemesignis banyulensis by Enric Madrenas\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Nemesignis banyulensis by Enric Madrenas&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Nemesignis banyulensis&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/dondice-banyulensis-23.jpg?fit=812%2C614&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Aeolidioidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/arminoidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"650\" height=\"438\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?fit=650%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Armina neapolitana\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?w=650&amp;ssl=1 650w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?resize=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 650px) 100vw, 650px\" data-attachment-id=\"4121\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/arminoidea\/armina-neapolitana\/armina-neapolitana-00\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?fit=650%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"650,438\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Armina neapolitana\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Armina neapolitana&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Armina neapolitana&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/12\/armina-neapolitana-00.jpg?fit=650%2C438&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Arminoidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/dendronotoidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"808\" height=\"541\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?fit=808%2C541&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Doto rosea 3mm by Enric Madrenas\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?w=808&amp;ssl=1 808w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?resize=150%2C100&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?resize=300%2C200&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 808px) 100vw, 808px\" data-attachment-id=\"14432\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/dendronotoidea\/doto-rosea\/doto-rosea-3mm-by-enric-madrenas\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?fit=808%2C541&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"808,541\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Doto rosea 3mm by Enric Madrenas\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Doto rosea 3mm by Enric Madrenas&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Doto rosea 3mm&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/04\/Doto-rosea-3mm-by-Enric-Madrenas.jpg?fit=808%2C541&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Dendronotoidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/embletonioidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"790\" height=\"610\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?fit=790%2C610&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Embletonia mediterranea @ Granada by David Ballesteros\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?w=790&amp;ssl=1 790w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?resize=300%2C232&amp;ssl=1 300w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?resize=150%2C116&amp;ssl=1 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 790px) 100vw, 790px\" data-attachment-id=\"38320\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/embletonioidea\/embletonia-mediterranea\/img_2683\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?fit=790%2C610&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"790,610\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Embletonia mediterranea @ Granada by David Ballesteros\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Embletonia mediterranea @ Granada by David Ballesteros&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Embletonia mediterranea @ Granada&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/IMG_2683.jpg?fit=790%2C610&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Embletonioidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/fionoidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"599\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Eubranchus-farrani-Galicia-by-Carlos-Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cid.jpg?fit=900%2C599&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Amphorina farrani @ Galicia by Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Cid\" loading=\"lazy\" data-attachment-id=\"18611\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/fionoidea\/amphorina-farrani\/eubranchus-farrani-galicia-by-carlos-fernandez-cid\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Eubranchus-farrani-Galicia-by-Carlos-Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cid.jpg?fit=1861%2C1240&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1861,1240\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Amphorina farrani @ Galicia by Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Cid\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Amphorina farrani @ Galicia by Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Cid&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Amphorina farrani with white lined tail @ Galicia by Carlos Fern\u00e1ndez-Cid&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Eubranchus-farrani-Galicia-by-Carlos-Fern%C3%A1ndez-Cid.jpg?fit=900%2C599&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Fionoidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/proctonotoidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"631\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Janolus-cristatus-%40-Salpatxot-Illes-Medes-Spain-31-03-2012-by-Miquel-Pontes-_MPG9950.jpg?fit=900%2C631&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Antiopella cristata @ Salpatxot, Illes Medes, Spain 31-03-2012 by Miquel Pontes\" loading=\"lazy\" data-attachment-id=\"23336\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/proctonotoidea\/antiopella-cristata\/janolus-cristatus-salpatxot-illes-medes-spain-31-03-2012-by-miquel-pontes-_mpg9950\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Janolus-cristatus-%40-Salpatxot-Illes-Medes-Spain-31-03-2012-by-Miquel-Pontes-_MPG9950.jpg?fit=1024%2C718&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,718\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Antiopella cristata @ Salpatxot, Illes Medes, Spain 31-03-2012 by Miquel Pontes\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Antiopella cristata @ Salpatxot, Illes Medes, Spain 31-03-2012 by Miquel Pontes&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Antiopella cristata @ Salpatxot, Illes Medes, Spain 31-03-2012&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/05\/Janolus-cristatus-%40-Salpatxot-Illes-Medes-Spain-31-03-2012-by-Miquel-Pontes-_MPG9950.jpg?fit=900%2C631&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Proctonotoidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n            \r\n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\r\n\r\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/tritonioidea\/\">\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\r\n\r\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"533\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Candiella striata\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?w=800&amp;ssl=1 800w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?resize=150%2C99&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?resize=300%2C199&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" data-attachment-id=\"11018\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/galeria\/opistobranquis-miquel-pontes\/tritonia-striata-dsc_5413-by-miquel-pontes\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"800,533\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Candiella striata (DSC_5413 by Miquel Pontes)\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Candiella striata&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Candiella striata&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/10\/Tritonia-striata-DSC_5413-by-Miquel-Pontes.jpg?fit=800%2C533&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\r\n                        <\/div>\r\n\r\n                    \r\n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\r\n\r\n                        <h3>\r\n                            Tritonioidea                        <\/h3>\r\n\r\n                    <\/div>\r\n\r\n                <\/a>\r\n\r\n            <\/article>\r\n\r\n        \r\n    <\/div>\r\n\r\n    \n<strong>Bibliograf\u00eda<\/strong><\/p><ul><div id=\"zotpress-b31b2ff6a7a382397df6dba6e88d92d2\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID ZP_ATTR\">1246567<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_COLLECTION_ID ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TAG_ID ZP_ATTR\">Cladobranchia<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_AUTHOR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_YEAR ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_ITEMTYPE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_INCLUSIVE ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_LIMIT ZP_ATTR\">50<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">creator<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET ZP_ATTR\">1<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\n        <span class=\"ZP_POSTID ZP_ATTR\">48603<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZOTPRESS_PLUGIN_URL ZP_ATTR\">https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/plugins\/zotpress\/<\/span>\n\n\t\t<div class=\"zp-List loading\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\">\n\t\t\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CACHETIMER ZP_ATTR\"><\/span><span class=\"ZP_JSON ZP_ATTR\">%7B%22status%22%3A%22success%22%2C%22updateneeded%22%3Afalse%2C%22instance%22%3Afalse%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22request_last%22%3A0%2C%22request_next%22%3A0%2C%22used_cache%22%3Atrue%7D%2C%22data%22%3A%5B%7B%22key%22%3A%226KQRBXMG%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bouchet%20and%20Rocroi%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBouchet%2C%20P.%2C%20Rocroi%2C%20J.%20P.%20%282005%29.%20Classification%20and%20nomenclator%20of%20gastropod%20families.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMalacologia%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B47%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281-2%29%2C%201-397.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Classification%20and%20nomenclator%20of%20gastropod%20families%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouchet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rocroi%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222005%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2222WZ5MYR%22%2C%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-05-14T13%3A36%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22WR37PFVC%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Bouchet%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BBouchet%2C%20P.%2C%20Rocroi%2C%20J.%20P.%2C%20Hausdorf%2C%20B.%2C%20Kaim%2C%20A.%2C%20Kano%2C%20Y.%2C%20N%26%23xFC%3Btzel%2C%20A.%2C%20Parkhaev%2C%20P.%20et%26%23xA0%3Bal.%20%282017%29.%20Revised%20classification%2C%20nomenclator%20and%20typification%20of%20gastropod%20and%20monoplacophoran%20families.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMalacologia%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B61%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281-2%29%2C%201-526.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Revised%20classification%2C%20nomenclator%20and%20typification%20of%20gastropod%20and%20monoplacophoran%20families%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bouchet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%20P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Rocroi%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22B.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Hausdorf%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kaim%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Y.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Kano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22N%5Cu00fctzel%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Parkhaev%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Strong%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%222%2C604%20names%20at%20the%20rank%20of%20subtribe%2C%20tribe%2C%20subfamily%2C%20family%20and%20superfamily%20have%20been%20proposed%20for%20Recent%20and%20fossil%20gastropods%2C%20and%20another%2035%20for%20monoplacophorans.%20All%20names%20are%20listed%20in%20a%20nomenclator%20giving%20full%20bibliographical%20reference%2C%20date%20of%20publication%2C%20typification%2C%20and%20their%20nomenclatural%20availability%20and%20validity%20under%20the%20International%20Code%20of%20Zoological%20Nomenclature.%20Another%20790%20names%2C%20established%20for%20categories%20above%20the%20familygroup%20%28infraorder%20to%20subclass%29%20are%20listed%20separately.%20A%20fully%20ranked%2C%20hierarchical%20classification%20summarizes%20recent%20advances%20in%20the%20phylogeny%20of%20the%20Gastropoda%20and%20Monoplacophora.%20In%20all%2C%20the%20classification%20recognizes%20as%20valid%20a%20total%20of%20721%20gastropod%20families%2C%20of%20which%20245%20are%20known%20exclusively%20as%20fossils%20and%20476%20occur%20in%20the%20Recent%20with%20or%20without%20a%20fossil%20record%3B%20and%2020%20monoplacophoran%20families%2C%20of%20which%201%20only%20occurs%20as%20Recent.%20Nomenclatural%20acts%20in%20this%20work%3A%20Amberleya%20bathonica%20Cox%20%26amp%3B%20Arkell%2C%201950%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Amberleya%20J.%20Morris%20%26amp%3B%20Lycett%2C%201851%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Ampezzopleura%20tenuis%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%201998%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Ampezzopleura%20Bandel%2C%201991%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Proserpina%20nitida%20G.%20B.%20Sowerby%20II%2C%201839%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Despoena%20Newton%2C%201891%3B%20Buccinum%20glabratum%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Dipsaccus%20H.%20Adams%20%26amp%3B%20A.%20Adams%2C%201853%3B%20Murex%20ficus%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Ficula%20Swainson%2C%201835%3B%20Oncomelania%20hupensis%20Gredler%2C%201881%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Hemibia%20Heude%2C%201890%3B%20Murex%20metaxa%20Delle%20Chiaje%2C%201828%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Metaxia%20Monterosato%2C%201884%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Neridomus%20anglicus%20Cox%20%26amp%3B%20Arkell%2C%201950%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Neridomus%20J.%20Morris%20%26amp%3B%20Lycett%2C%201851%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Navicella%20clypeolum%20R%5Cu00e9cluz%2C%201843%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Orthopoma%20Gray%2C%201868%3B%20Trochus%20viadrinus%20M.%20Schmidt%2C%201905%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Parataphrus%20Chavan%2C%201954%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Helix%20pomatia%20Linnaeus%2C%201758%2C%20designated%20type%20species%20of%20Pentataenia%20A.%20Schmidt%2C%201855%3B%20Flammulina%20ponsonbyi%20Suter%2C%201897%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Phenacohelix%20Suter%2C%201892%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Cyrtolites%20corniculum%20Eichwald%2C%201860%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Pollicina%20Koken%2C%201895%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Purpurina%20elegantula%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20designated%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Purpurina%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20and%20lectotype%20of%20Turbo%20bellona%20d%5Cu2019Orbigny%2C%201850%2C%20designated%20as%20neotype%20of%20Purpurina%20elegantula%3B%20Pyramidella%20minuscula%20Monterosato%2C%201880%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Tiberia%20Jeffreys%2C%201884%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Cyclostoma%20delicatum%20Philippi%2C%201844%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Trachysma%20G.%20O.%20Sars%2C%201878%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Helix%20elegans%20Gmelin%2C%201791%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Trochoidea%20T.%20Brown%2C%201827%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Turritellopsis%20stimpsoni%20Dall%2C%201919%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Turritellopsis%20G.%20O.%20Sars%2C%201878%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Fusus%20averillii%20Gabb%2C%201864%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Volutoderma%20Gabb%2C%201876%2C%20under%20Art.%2070.3%3B%20Voluta%20pepo%20Lightfoot%2C%201786%2C%20fixed%20as%20type%20species%20of%20Yetus%20Bowdich%2C%201822.%20Curnonidae%20d%5Cu2019Udekem%20d%5Cu2019Acoz%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20and%20Curnon%20d%5Cu2019Udekem%20d%5Cu2019Acoz%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20are%20established%20for%20Charcotiidae%20Odhner%2C%201926%2C%20and%20Charcotia%20Vayssi%5Cu00e8re%2C%201906%2C%20%28between%2027%20March%20and%201%20May%29%2C%20non%20Charcotia%20Chevreux%2C%201906%20%28January%29%20%5BAmphipoda%5D%3B%20Yuopisthonematidae%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20and%20Yuopisthonema%20N%5Cu00fctzel%2C%20nom.%20nov.%2C%20are%20established%20for%20Opisthonematidae%20Yu%2C%201976%2C%20and%20Opisthonema%20Yu%2C%201974%2C%20non%20Gill%2C%201862%20%5BPisces%5D.%20The%20new%20family-group%20name%20Burnupiidae%20Albrecht%20is%20established%20in%20this%20work%3B%20and%20the%20names%20Scolodontina%20and%20Orthalicoidei%20are%20first%20used%20here%20to%20denote%2C%20respectively%2C%20a%20suborder%20containing%20the%20family%20Scolodontidae%2C%20and%20an%20infraorder%20containing%20the%20superfamily%20Orthalicoidea.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222017%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2222WZ5MYR%22%2C%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-07-11T14%3A16%3A03Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22LHUV94IK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Goodheart%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BGoodheart%2C%20J.%2C%20Bazinet%2C%20A.%20L.%2C%20Collins%2C%20A.%20G.%2C%20Cummings%2C%20M.%20P.%20%282015%29.%20Relationships%20within%20Cladobranchia%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Nudibranchia%29%20based%20on%20RNA-Seq%20data%3A%20an%20initial%20investigation.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BR.%20Soc.%20open%20sci.2%3A%20150196%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsos.150196%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1098%5C%2Frsos.150196%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Relationships%20within%20Cladobranchia%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Nudibranchia%29%20based%20on%20RNA-Seq%20data%3A%20an%20initial%20investigation%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodheart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.L.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bazinet%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.G.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Collins%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.P.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Cummings%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Cladobranchia%20%28Gastropoda%3A%20Nudibranchia%29%20is%20a%20diverse%20%28approx.%201000%20species%29%20but%20understudied%20group%20of%20sea%20slug%20molluscs.%20In%20order%20to%20fully%20comprehend%20the%20diversity%20of%20nudibranchs%20and%20the%20evolution%20of%20character%20traits%20within%20Cladobranchia%2C%20a%20solid%20understanding%20of%20evolutionary%20relationships%20is%20necessary.%20To%20date%2C%20only%20two%20direct%20attempts%20have%20been%20made%20to%20understand%20the%20evolutionary%20relationships%20within%20Cladobranchia%2C%20neither%20of%20which%20resulted%20in%20wellsupported%20phylogenetic%20hypotheses.%20In%20addition%20to%20these%20studies%2C%20several%20others%20have%20addressed%20some%20of%20the%20relationships%20within%20this%20clade%20while%20investigating%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20more%20inclusive%20groups%20%28Nudibranchia%20and%20Euthyneura%29.%20However%2C%20all%20of%20the%20resulting%20phylogenetic%20hypotheses%20contain%20conflicting%20topologies%20within%20Cladobranchia.%20In%20this%20study%2C%20we%20address%20some%20of%20these%20long-standing%20issues%20regarding%20the%20evolutionary%20history%20of%20Cladobranchia%20using%20RNA-Seq%20data%20%28transcriptomes%29.%20We%20sequenced%2016%20transcriptomes%20and%20combined%20these%20with%20four%20transcriptomes%20from%20the%20NCBI%20Sequence%20Read%20Archive.%20Transcript%20assembly%20using%20Trinity%20and%20orthology%20determination%20using%20HAMSTR%20yielded%20839%20orthologous%20groups%20for%20analysis.%20These%20data%20provide%20a%20wellsupported%20and%20almost%20fully%20resolved%20phylogenetic%20hypothesis%20for%20Cladobranchia.%20Our%20results%20support%20the%20monophyly%20of%20Cladobranchia%20and%20the%20sub-clade%20Aeolidida%2C%20but%20reject%20the%20monophyly%20of%20Dendronotida.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1098%5C%2Frsos.150196%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-18T07%3A46%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%227NCTC3QV%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Korshunova%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BKorshunova%2C%20T.%2C%20Fletcher%2C%20K.%2C%20Martynov%2C%20A.%20%282025%29.%20The%20endless%20forms%20are%20the%20most%20differentiated%26%23x2014%3Bhow%20taxonomic%20pseudo-optimization%20masked%20natural%20diversity%20and%20evolution%3A%20the%20nudibranch%20case.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BZoological%20Journal%20of%20the%20Linnean%20Society%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B204%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%284%29%2C%201-93.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fzoolinnean%5C%2Fzlaf057%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fzoolinnean%5C%2Fzlaf057%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20endless%20forms%20are%20the%20most%20differentiated%5Cu2014how%20taxonomic%20pseudo-optimization%20masked%20natural%20diversity%20and%20evolution%3A%20the%20nudibranch%20case%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Korshunova%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22K.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fletcher%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Martynov%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20this%20study%2C%20a%20global-encompassing%2C%20fine-scale%20differentiated%20taxonomy%20is%20consistently%20presented%20from%20the%20high%20level%20of%20a%20major%20nudibranch%20suborder%2C%20Aeolidacea%2C%20and%20then%20consequentially%20to%20lower%20levels%20of%20superfamilies%2C%20families%2C%20genera%2C%20and%20species%20to%20conjoin%20the%20underlying%20evolutionary%20pathways%20of%20aeolidacean%20nudibranchs%20and%20systematic%20representation%20to%20a%20maximal%20degree.%20The%20suborder%20Aeolidacea%20is%20reinstated%20and%20the%20superfamily%20system%20of%20Aeolidacea%20is%20reformed%3B%2010%20aeolidacean%20superfamilies%20are%20recognized%20encompassing%2029%20families%20in%20an%20all-family%20Synopsis%2C%20and%20the%20superfamily%20Embletonioidea%20is%20included%20in%20addition.%20Two%20new%20families%2C%20Chudidae%20fam.%20nov.%20and%20Hantazuidae%20fam.%20nov.%2C%20are%20described%2C%20which%20show%20unique%20morphological%20and%20molecular%20patterns.%20Seven%20new%20species%20are%20described%20within%20various%20superfamilies%2C%20and%20five%20species%20are%20reinstated.%20The%20genus-level%20taxonomy%20of%20the%20family%20Coryphellidae%20is%20revisited%2C%2011%20genera%20are%20recognized%2C%20including%20nine%20reinstated%20and%20two%20new%20genera.%20We%20show%20that%20recent%20synonymization%20of%20all%20valid%20Coryphellidae%20genera%20into%20just%20a%20single%20genus%20was%20based%20on%20an%20erroneous%20phylogenetic%20analysis%2C%20the%20careless%20treatment%20of%20morphological%20characters%2C%20and%20established%20preconceptions.%20Uniting%20fine-scale%20morphological%20and%20molecular%20data%2C%20order-level%20nudibranch%20taxonomy%20is%20refined%2C%20order%20Nudibranchia%20is%20restricted%2C%20and%20order%20Doridida%20is%20reinstated.%20Within%20the%20order%20Nudibranchia%2C%20five%20suborders%20are%20recognized%3A%20Arminacea%2C%20restricted%2C%20reinstated%3B%20Tritoniacea%2C%20reinstated%3B%20Dendronotacea%2C%20restricted%2C%20reinstated%3B%20Janolacea%2C%20reinstated%3B%20and%20Aeolidacea%2C%20revised%2C%20reinstated.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222025%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fzoolinnean%5C%2Fzlaf057%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fzoolinnean%5C%2Fzlaf057%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220024-4082%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-03T12%3A43%3A35Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222X4YM64B%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Mahguib%20and%20Vald%5Cu00e9s%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMahguib%2C%20J.%2C%20Vald%26%23xE9%3Bs%2C%20%26%23xC1%3B.%20%282015%29.%20Molecular%20investigation%20of%20the%20phylogenetic%20position%20of%20the%20polar%20nudibranch%20Doridoxa%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Heterobranchia%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BPolar%20Biol%20%282015%29%2038%3A1369%26%23x2013%3B1377%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00300-015-1700-5%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs00300-015-1700-5%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Molecular%20investigation%20of%20the%20phylogenetic%20position%20of%20the%20polar%20nudibranch%20Doridoxa%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Heterobranchia%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22J.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mahguib%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu00c1%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vald%5Cu00e9s%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22The%20phylogenetic%20position%20of%20the%20polar%20nudibranch%20genus%20Doridoxa%20within%20Nudibranchia%20is%20controversial.%20Because%20Doridoxa%20is%20only%20found%20in%20polar%20deep%20waters%20specimens%20available%20for%20research%20are%20scarce.%20Additionally%2C%20Doridoxa%20possesses%20a%20mixture%20of%20morphological%20traits%20that%20are%20present%20in%20the%20two%20major%20lineages%20of%20nudibranchs%20%28dorids%20and%20cladobranchs%29%2C%20making%20classification%20difficult.%20All%20previous%20classification%20attempts%20were%20based%20on%20the%20careful%20study%20of%20morphological%20characters%20and%20resulted%20in%20conflicting%20classification%20schemes.%20For%20the%20present%20paper%2C%20we%20had%20access%20to%20a%20representative%20specimen%20of%20Doridoxa%20that%20yielded%20clean%20sequences%20of%20two%20mitochondrial%20genes%20%2816S%2C%20CO1%29%20and%20a%20nuclear%20gene%20%28H3%29.%20The%20goal%20of%20this%20study%20was%20to%20determine%20the%20phylogenetic%20position%20of%20Doridoxa%20within%20Nudibranchia%20using%20molecular%20data.%20Our%20results%20revealed%20that%20Doridoxa%20appears%20to%20be%20a%20member%20of%20Cladobranchia%20and%20therefore%20a%20more%20derived%20group%20of%20nudibranchs%20than%20previously%20considered%20by%20most%20authors.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222015%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs00300-015-1700-5%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-18T07%3A46%3A06Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%229VIPQGDN%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Moles%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222026-09-01%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BMoles%2C%20J.%2C%20Bonomo%2C%20L.%2C%20Brenzinger%2C%20B.%2C%20Camacho%20Garc%26%23xED%3Ba%2C%20Y.%20E.%2C%20Carmona%2C%20L.%2C%20Currado%2C%20J.%20L.%20C.%2C%20Donohoo%2C%20S.%20et%26%23xA0%3Bal.%20%282026%29.%20Towards%20systematics-based%20guidelines%20for%20stable%20taxonomy%3A%20lessons%20from%20sea%20slugs.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BZoological%20Journal%20of%20the%20Linnean%20Society%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B208%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20zlag141.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-ItemURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fzoolinnean%5C%2Fzlag141%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fzoolinnean%5C%2Fzlag141%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Towards%20systematics-based%20guidelines%20for%20stable%20taxonomy%3A%20lessons%20from%20sea%20slugs%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juan%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Moles%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Lynn%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Bonomo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Bastian%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Brenzinger%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Yolanda%20Ester%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Camacho%20Garc%5Cu00eda%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Leila%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Carmona%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Juan%20Lucas%20Cervera%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Currado%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Samantha%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Donohoo%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jose%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Fern%5Cu00e1ndez-Sim%5Cu00f3n%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Giulia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Furfaro%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Carles%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gali%5Cu00e0-Camps%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Jessica%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Goodheart%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kathe%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Jensen%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Patrick%20J%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Krug%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Kara%20K%20S%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Layton%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Manuel%20Ant%5Cu00f3nio%20E%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Malaquias%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M%20Rosario%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Mart%5Cu00edn-Herv%5Cu00e1s%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Timea%20P%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Neusser%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Vinicius%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Padula%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Sofia%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Paz-Sedano%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Marta%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pola%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Egidio%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Trainito%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22%5Cu00c1ngel%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Vald%5Cu00e9s%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Heike%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nerida%20G%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Wilson%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Nathalie%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Yonow%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22Terrence%20M%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gosliner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Taxonomy%20is%20a%20cumulative%20science%20that%20translates%20evolutionary%20knowledge%20into%20a%20stable%2C%20communicable%2C%20and%20functional%20system%20of%20names.%20Yet%20its%20progress%20is%20often%20undermined%20not%20by%20new%20data%2C%20but%20by%20how%20evidence%20is%20interpreted%20and%20acted%20upon.%20We%20argue%20that%20taxonomic%20decisions%20should%20meet%20five%20foundational%20thresholds%3A%20%28i%29%20a%20classification%20reflecting%20the%20tree%20of%20life%2C%20ensuring%20replicated%20monophyly%20and%20rank%20symmetry%3B%20%28ii%29%20diagnosability%2C%20linking%20molecular%20and%20morphological%20traits%20to%20recognizable%20features%3B%20%28iii%29%20compatibility%20with%20topotypical%20material%2C%20minimizing%20misinterpretation%20and%20the%20need%20for%20further%20taxonomic%20remediation%20actions%3B%20%28iv%29%20collateral-impact%20assessment%2C%20preventing%20changes%20that%20induce%20downstream%20paraphyly%20and%20instability%3B%20and%20%28v%29%20transparent%20communication%2C%20fostering%20a%20civil%2C%20evidence-focused%20scientific%20debate.%20Together%2C%20these%20criteria%20frame%20taxonomy%20as%20a%20reproducible%20and%20accountable%20scientific%20enterprise%2C%20in%20which%20individual%20taxonomic%20decisions%20contribute%20coherently%20to%20an%20evolving%20classification.%20Using%20heterobranch%20sea%20slugs%20as%20a%20case%20study%2C%20we%20illustrate%20how%20departures%20from%20these%20standards%20generate%20instability%20without%20corresponding%20gains%20in%20explanatory%20power%20and%20demonstrate%20that%20the%20same%20evidence-based%20principles%20apply%20across%20the%20taxonomic%20hierarchy%2C%20from%20higher-level%20clades%20to%20families%2C%20genera%2C%20and%20species.%20Applying%20these%20principles%20supports%20retaining%20historically%20entrenched%2C%20monophyletic%20names%2C%20such%20as%20Nudibranchia%20s.l.%2C%20when%20redefining%20them%20offers%20no%20phylogenetic%20or%20practical%20advantage.%20We%20encourage%20shared%2C%20transparent%20standards%20across%20the%20taxonomic%20community.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222026-09-01%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1093%5C%2Fzoolinnean%5C%2Fzlag141%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22https%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1093%5C%2Fzoolinnean%5C%2Fzlag141%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220024-4082%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-03T12%3A41%3A42Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ZMQA2WCB%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Pola%20and%20Gosliner%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BPola%2C%20M.%2C%20Gosliner%2C%20T.%20M.%20%282010%29.%20The%20first%20molecular%20phylogeny%20of%20cladobranchian%20opisthobranchs%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Nudibranchia%29.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BMolecular%20Phylogenetics%20and%20Evolution%2056%3A%20931-941.%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22The%20first%20molecular%20phylogeny%20of%20cladobranchian%20opisthobranchs%20%28Mollusca%2C%20Gastropoda%2C%20Nudibranchia%29%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Pola%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22T.%20M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Gosliner%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222010%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%22%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-13T22%3A42%3A09Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22IM4ETCFK%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BSchr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%2C%20M.%2C%20W%26%23xE4%3Bgele%2C%20H.%2C%20Willan%2C%20R.%20C.%20%282001%29.%20Taxonomic%20redescription%20of%20the%20doridoxidae%20%28Gastropoda%26%23x202F%3B%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%2C%20an%20enigmatic%20family%20of%20deep%20water%20nudibranchs%2C%20with%20discussion%20of%20basal%20nudibranch%20phylogeny.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BZoologischer%20Anzeiger%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B240%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2083-97.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1078%5C%2F0044-5231-00008%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1078%5C%2F0044-5231-00008%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Taxonomic%20redescription%20of%20the%20doridoxidae%20%28Gastropoda%20%3A%20Opisthobranchia%29%2C%20an%20enigmatic%20family%20of%20deep%20water%20nudibranchs%2C%20with%20discussion%20of%20basal%20nudibranch%20phylogeny%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22In%20this%20study%2C%20all%20the%20existing%20specimens%20of%20the%20Doridoxidae%20were%20re-examined%3B%20that%20is%20%28a%29%20the%20holotype%20of%20Doridoxa%20ingolfiana%20Bergh%2C%201899%20from%20western%20Greenland%2C%20%28b%29%20a%20specimen%20described%20as%20%26quot%3BD.%20ingolfiana%20var.%3F%26quot%3B%20by%20BERGH%20%281899%29%20from%20Iceland%2C%20%28c%29%20another%20more%20recently%20collected%20specimen%20from%20southern%20Greenland%2C%20which%20was%20serially%20sectioned%20and%20examined%20histologically%20as%20part%20of%20the%20present%20study%2C%20and%20%28d%29%20the%20holotype%20of%20D.%20benthalis%20Barnard%2C%201963.%20Significant%20discrepancies%20between%20the%20first%20three%20of%20these%20specimens%20and%20Bergh%26%23039%3Bs%20original%20description%20of%20D.%20ingolfiana%20are%20apparent%2C%20but%20they%20do%20not%20alter%20our%20opinion%20that%20all%20three%20specimens%20belong%20to%20a%20single%2C%20variable%20species.%20The%20monobasic%20taxon%20D.%20benthalis%20Barnard%2C%201963%20is%20specifically%20distinct%20from%20D.%20ingolfiana.%20BERGH%20%281899%29%20considered%20that%20the%20Doridoxidae%20had%20a%20holohepatic%20digestive%20gland%20%28and%20thus%20was%20a%20member%20of%20the%20Anthobranchia%29.%20Our%20reassessments%2C%20particularly%20those%20concerning%20the%20structure%20of%20the%20digestive%20gland%2C%20branchial%20apparatus%20and%20anal%20site%2C%20indicate%20that%20BERGH%20misunderstood%20the%20form%20and%20polarities%20of%20these%20characters%2C%20and%20that%20the%20Doridoxidae%20must%20be%20relocated%20within%20the%20cladohepatic%20%28i.e.%20actenidiacean%29%20nudibranchs%20as%20its%20first%20offshoot.%20The%20Nudibranchia%20are%20thus%20divided%20into%20two%20major%20clades%3A%20Anthobranchia%20%28%3D%20Bathydoridoidea%20%2B%20Doridoidea%29%20and%20Dexiarchia%20nom.%20nov.%20%28%3D%20Doridoxoidea%20%2B%20Dendronotoidea%20%2B%20Aeolidoidea%20%2B%20%26quot%3BArminoidea%26quot%3B%29.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222001%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1078%5C%2F0044-5231-00008%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000169089900009%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%220044-5231%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222018-02-13T23%3A00%3A37Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%222J2FGD4Z%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%20and%20Willan%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BW%26%23xE4%3Bgele%2C%20H.%2C%20Willan%2C%20R.%20C.%20%282000%29.%20Phylogeny%20of%20the%20Nudibranchia.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BZoological%20Journal%20of%20the%20Linnean%20Society%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B130%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%2083-181.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Phylogeny%20of%20the%20Nudibranchia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22R.%20C.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Willan%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222000%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1111%5C%2Fj.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%22%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222026-09-03T12%3A45%3A19Z%22%7D%7D%2C%7B%22key%22%3A%22ISNAQMQA%22%2C%22library%22%3A%7B%22id%22%3A1246567%7D%2C%22meta%22%3A%7B%22creatorSummary%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%20et%20al.%22%2C%22parsedDate%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22numChildren%22%3A0%7D%2C%22bib%22%3A%22%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-bib-body%26quot%3B%20style%3D%26quot%3Bline-height%3A%201.35%3B%20padding-left%3A%201em%3B%20text-indent%3A-1em%3B%26quot%3B%26gt%3B%5Cn%20%20%26lt%3Bdiv%20class%3D%26quot%3Bcsl-entry%26quot%3B%26gt%3BW%26%23xE4%3Bgele%2C%20H.%2C%20Klussmann-Kolb%2C%20A.%2C%20Verbeek%2C%20E.%2C%20Schr%26%23xF6%3Bdl%2C%20M.%20%282014%29.%20Flashback%20and%20foreshadowing-a%20review%20of%20the%20taxon%20Opisthobranchia.%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3BOrganisms%20Diversity%20%26amp%3B%20Evolution%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%2C%20%26lt%3Bi%26gt%3B14%26lt%3B%5C%2Fi%26gt%3B%281%29%2C%20133-149.%20%26lt%3Ba%20class%3D%26%23039%3Bzp-DOIURL%26%23039%3B%20target%3D%26%23039%3B_blank%26%23039%3B%20href%3D%26%23039%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs13127-013-0151-5%26%23039%3B%26gt%3Bhttps%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdoi.org%5C%2F10.1007%5C%2Fs13127-013-0151-5%26lt%3B%5C%2Fa%26gt%3B%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%5Cn%26lt%3B%5C%2Fdiv%26gt%3B%22%2C%22data%22%3A%7B%22itemType%22%3A%22journalArticle%22%2C%22title%22%3A%22Flashback%20and%20foreshadowing-a%20review%20of%20the%20taxon%20Opisthobranchia%22%2C%22creators%22%3A%5B%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22H.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22W%5Cu00e4gele%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22A.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Klussmann-Kolb%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22E.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Verbeek%22%7D%2C%7B%22creatorType%22%3A%22author%22%2C%22firstName%22%3A%22M.%22%2C%22lastName%22%3A%22Schr%5Cu00f6dl%22%7D%5D%2C%22abstractNote%22%3A%22Opisthobranchia%20have%20experienced%20an%20unsettled%20taxonomic%20history.%20At%20the%20moment%20their%20taxonomy%20is%20in%20state%20of%20dramatic%20flux%20as%20recent%20phylogenetic%20studies%20have%20revealed%20traditional%20Opisthobranchia%20to%20be%20paraphyletic%20or%20even%20polyphyletic%2C%20allocating%20some%20traditional%20opisthobranch%20taxa%20to%20other%20groups%20of%20Heterobranchia%2C%20e.g.%20Pulmonata.%20Here%20we%20review%20the%20history%20of%20Opisthobranchia%20and%20their%20subgroups%2C%20explain%20their%20traditionally%20proposed%20relationships%2C%20and%20outline%20the%20most%20recent%20phylogenetic%20analyses%20based%20on%20various%20methods%20%28morphology%2C%20single%20gene%20and%20multiple%20gene%20analyses%2C%20as%20well%20as%20genomic%20data%29.%20We%20also%20present%20a%20phylogenetic%20hypothesis%20on%20Heterobranchia%20that%2C%20according%20to%20the%20latest%20results%2C%20represents%20a%20consensus%20and%20is%20the%20most%20probable%20one%20available%20to%20date.%20The%20proposed%20phylogeny%20supports%20the%20Acteonoidea%20outside%20of%20monophyletic%20Euthyneura%2C%20the%20basal%20euthyneuran%20split%20into%20Nudipleura%20%28Nudibranchia%20plus%20Pleurobranchoidea%29%20and%20the%20recently%20established%20taxon%20Tectipleura.%20The%20latter%20divides%20into%20the%20Euopisthobranchia%2C%20containing%20most%20of%20the%20major%20traditional%20opisthobranch%20clades%2C%20and%20the%20Panpulmonata%2C%20with%20a%20mix%20of%20the%20former%20opisthobranch%2C%20putative%20allogastropod%20and%20pulmonate%20taxa.%20This%20%26quot%3Bnew%20euthyneuran%20tree%26quot%3B%20rejects%20the%20traditional%20taxa%20Opisthobranchia%20and%20Pulmonata%2C%20and%2C%20in%20particular%2C%20has%20profound%20implications%20for%20preconceived%20textbook%20scenarios%20of%20opisthobranch%20and%20pulmonate%20evolution%2C%20which%20must%20now%20be%20reconsidered.%20In%20the%20absence%20of%20systematic%20barriers%2C%20research%20communities-which%20have%20traditionally%20investigated%20marine%20and%20non-marine%20heterobranchs%20separately-need%20to%20interact%20and%20finally%20merge%20for%20the%20sake%20of%20science.%22%2C%22date%22%3A%222014%22%2C%22section%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partNumber%22%3A%22%22%2C%22partTitle%22%3A%22%22%2C%22DOI%22%3A%2210.1007%5C%2Fs13127-013-0151-5%22%2C%22citationKey%22%3A%22%22%2C%22url%22%3A%22%3A%5C%2F%5C%2FWOS%3A000332585400012%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdownload.springer.com%5C%2Fstatic%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2F914%5C%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs13127-013-0151-5.pdf%3Fauth66%3D1415872690_e1e5bd749ca16750a7903ef8ce7450f0%26ext%3D.pdf%20http%3A%5C%2F%5C%2Fdownload.springer.com%5C%2Fstatic%5C%2Fpdf%5C%2F914%5C%2Fart%25253A10.1007%25252Fs13127-013-0151-5.pdf%3Fauth66%3D1416029274_51059fbce0a06e737664b7ec9595b22e%26ext%3D.pdf%22%2C%22PMID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22PMCID%22%3A%22%22%2C%22ISSN%22%3A%221439-6092%22%2C%22language%22%3A%22%22%2C%22collections%22%3A%5B%2222WZ5MYR%22%2C%2282T5E3QX%22%5D%2C%22dateModified%22%3A%222022-03-26T09%3A39%3A22Z%22%7D%7D%5D%7D<\/span>\n\n\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-6KQRBXMG\" data-zp-author-date='Bouchet-and-Rocroi-2005' data-zp-date-author='2005-Bouchet-and-Rocroi' data-zp-date='2005' data-zp-year='2005' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. <i>Malacologia<\/i>, <i>47<\/i>(1-2), 1-397.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-WR37PFVC\" data-zp-author-date='Bouchet-et-al.-2017' data-zp-date-author='2017-Bouchet-et-al.' data-zp-date='2017' data-zp-year='2017' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., N\u00fctzel, A., Parkhaev, P. et\u00a0al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. <i>Malacologia<\/i>, <i>61<\/i>(1-2), 1-526.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-LHUV94IK\" data-zp-author-date='Goodheart-et-al.-2015' data-zp-date-author='2015-Goodheart-et-al.' data-zp-date='2015' data-zp-year='2015' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Goodheart, J., Bazinet, A. L., Collins, A. G., Cummings, M. P. (2015). Relationships within Cladobranchia (Gastropoda: Nudibranchia) based on RNA-Seq data: an initial investigation. <i>R. Soc. open sci.2: 150196<\/i>. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.150196&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rsos.150196<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-7NCTC3QV\" data-zp-author-date='Korshunova-et-al.-2025' data-zp-date-author='2025-Korshunova-et-al.' data-zp-date='2025' data-zp-year='2025' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Korshunova, T., Fletcher, K., Martynov, A. (2025). The endless forms are the most differentiated\u2014how taxonomic pseudo-optimization masked natural diversity and evolution: the nudibranch case. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/i>, <i>204<\/i>(4), 1-93. <a class=&#039;zp-ItemURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlaf057&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlaf057<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-2X4YM64B\" data-zp-author-date='Mahguib-and-Vald\u00e9s-2015' data-zp-date-author='2015-Mahguib-and-Vald\u00e9s' data-zp-date='2015' data-zp-year='2015' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Mahguib, J., Vald\u00e9s, \u00c1. (2015). Molecular investigation of the phylogenetic position of the polar nudibranch Doridoxa (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Heterobranchia). <i>Polar Biol (2015) 38:1369\u20131377<\/i>. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00300-015-1700-5&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00300-015-1700-5<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-9VIPQGDN\" data-zp-author-date='Moles-et-al.-2026-09-01' data-zp-date-author='2026-09-01-Moles-et-al.' data-zp-date='2026-09-01' data-zp-year='2026' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Moles, J., Bonomo, L., Brenzinger, B., Camacho Garc\u00eda, Y. E., Carmona, L., Currado, J. L. C., Donohoo, S. et\u00a0al. (2026). Towards systematics-based guidelines for stable taxonomy: lessons from sea slugs. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/i>, <i>208<\/i>(1), zlag141. <a class=&#039;zp-ItemURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlag141&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1093\/zoolinnean\/zlag141<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-ZMQA2WCB\" data-zp-author-date='Pola-and-Gosliner-2010' data-zp-date-author='2010-Pola-and-Gosliner' data-zp-date='2010' data-zp-year='2010' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pola, M., Gosliner, T. M. (2010). The first molecular phylogeny of cladobranchian opisthobranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Nudibranchia). <i>Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 56: 931-941.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-IM4ETCFK\" data-zp-author-date='Schr\u00f6dl-et-al.-2001' data-zp-date-author='2001-Schr\u00f6dl-et-al.' data-zp-date='2001' data-zp-year='2001' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Schr\u00f6dl, M., W\u00e4gele, H., Willan, R. C. (2001). Taxonomic redescription of the doridoxidae (Gastropoda\u202f: Opisthobranchia), an enigmatic family of deep water nudibranchs, with discussion of basal nudibranch phylogeny. <i>Zoologischer Anzeiger<\/i>, <i>240<\/i>(1), 83-97. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0044-5231-00008&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1078\/0044-5231-00008<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-2J2FGD4Z\" data-zp-author-date='W\u00e4gele-and-Willan-2000' data-zp-date-author='2000-W\u00e4gele-and-Willan' data-zp-date='2000' data-zp-year='2000' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">W\u00e4gele, H., Willan, R. C. (2000). Phylogeny of the Nudibranchia. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society<\/i>, <i>130<\/i>(1), 83-181. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1096-3642.2000.tb02196.x<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-48603-1246567-ISNAQMQA\" data-zp-author-date='W\u00e4gele-et-al.-2014' data-zp-date-author='2014-W\u00e4gele-et-al.' data-zp-date='2014' data-zp-year='2014' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">W\u00e4gele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Verbeek, E., Schr\u00f6dl, M. (2014). Flashback and foreshadowing-a review of the taxon Opisthobranchia. <i>Organisms Diversity & Evolution<\/i>, <i>14<\/i>(1), 133-149. <a class=&#039;zp-DOIURL&#039; target=&#039;_blank&#039; href=&#039;https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13127-013-0151-5&#039;>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s13127-013-0151-5<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n<p><\/p>Bibliograf\u00eda basada en los trabajos de <b>Steve Long, 2006<\/b>. <a target=_blank href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Long-S.-2006-Bibliography-of-Opisthobranchia-1554-2000.pdf>Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000<\/a> y <b>Gary McDonald, 2009<\/b>. <a href=http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8115h0wz>Bibliographia Nudibranchia<\/a>, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.<p><\/p><\/ul><p><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Cladobranchia es uno de los dos grandes linajes evolutivos de Nudibranchia, junto con Doridina. Comprende un grupo extraordinariamente diverso de babosas marinas, caracterizado por una gran variedad de formas corporales y de estructuras dorsales y laterales especializadas. Cladobranchia presenta una notable diversidad morfol\u00f3gica. Muchas especies poseen ap\u00e9ndices dorsales especializados relacionados con la respiraci\u00f3n, la defensa, la alimentaci\u00f3n o las funciones sensoriales. Los ae\u00f3lidos se caracterizan t\u00edpicamente por numerosos cerata distribuidos\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/nudibranchia\/cladobranchia\/\">Sigue leyendo<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":5,"featured_media":31276,"parent":235,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-48603","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48603","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/5"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=48603"}],"version-history":[{"count":6,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48603\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":48627,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/48603\/revisions\/48627"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/235"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/31276"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=48603"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}