{"id":5131,"date":"2012-12-13T12:52:31","date_gmt":"2012-12-13T11:52:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/gimnosomats-gymnosomatagimnosomados-gymnosomatagymnosomata"},"modified":"2026-11-03T16:58:05","modified_gmt":"2026-11-03T15:58:05","slug":"gymnosomata","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/","title":{"rendered":"Gymnosomata"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>Los Gymnosomata, conocidos com\u00fanmente como \u00e1ngeles de mar, son un grupo de moluscos gaster\u00f3podos heterobranquios marinos clasificados tradicionalmente entre los pter\u00f3podos. Est\u00e1n especializados en la vida en mar abierto y se reconocen por su cuerpo delicado, a menudo transparente, y por las expansiones del pie en forma de alas, denominadas parapodios, que utilizan para nadar. A diferencia de sus parientes cercanos, las mariposas de mar (Thecosomata), los gimnosomados adultos carecen de concha externa. Su cuerpo estilizado y sus movimientos natatorios activos los hacen especialmente distintivos entre los gaster\u00f3podos pel\u00e1gicos.<\/p>\n<p><iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"Sea Angels\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/JVMyg9dXkWo?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Los Gymnosomata se encuentran en ambientes marinos de todos los oc\u00e9anos del mundo, desde las aguas polares hasta los mares tropicales. Muchas especies habitan en mar abierto, donde forman parte del zooplancton y pueden distribuirse a diferentes profundidades. Algunas viven en aguas relativamente superficiales, mientras que otras est\u00e1n asociadas a ambientes oce\u00e1nicos m\u00e1s fr\u00edos o profundos. Su distribuci\u00f3n est\u00e1 condicionada por factores como la temperatura del agua, las corrientes marinas, la disponibilidad de alimento y los cambios estacionales. Aunque muchas especies son peque\u00f1as y dif\u00edciles de observar, pueden desempe\u00f1ar un papel importante en las comunidades planct\u00f3nicas.<\/p>\n<p>Una de las caracter\u00edsticas m\u00e1s distintivas del grupo es la forma del cuerpo y su locomoci\u00f3n especializada. El cuerpo suele ser alargado y transparente, con una cabeza bien diferenciada que presenta estructuras sensoriales y un pie modificado en dos parapodios alares. Estas estructuras baten r\u00edtmicamente y permiten al animal desplazarse por el agua con un movimiento que recuerda al vuelo de un peque\u00f1o \u00e1ngel. La ausencia de una concha externa les proporciona una mayor libertad de movimiento y los distingue claramente de las mariposas de mar con concha. Su anatom\u00eda, incluida la disposici\u00f3n de los parapodios y las estructuras relacionadas con la alimentaci\u00f3n, ayuda a los investigadores a distinguir las especies y estudiar sus relaciones evolutivas.<\/p>\n<p>Los Gymnosomata son depredadores predominantemente carn\u00edvoros. Muchas especies se alimentan de otros pter\u00f3podos, especialmente de las mariposas de mar con concha pertenecientes a Thecosomata. Su aparato alimentario especializado les permite capturar y consumir a sus presas, en ocasiones extrayendo el cuerpo blando del interior de la concha. Esta estrecha relaci\u00f3n entre depredador y presa constituye una de las interacciones ecol\u00f3gicas m\u00e1s notables entre los gaster\u00f3podos pel\u00e1gicos. Al alimentarse de otros animales planct\u00f3nicos, los gimnosomados contribuyen a la transferencia de energ\u00eda a trav\u00e9s de las redes tr\u00f3ficas oce\u00e1nicas e influyen en la din\u00e1mica de las comunidades de zooplancton.<\/p>\n<p>Su dependencia de otros organismos planct\u00f3nicos hace que los gimnosomados sean sensibles a los cambios en la composici\u00f3n y abundancia de sus presas. Las corrientes oce\u00e1nicas, las variaciones de temperatura, la productividad estacional y los cambios en la distribuci\u00f3n de las mariposas de mar pueden influir en su presencia y en sus oportunidades de alimentaci\u00f3n. Como muchos gimnosomados son fr\u00e1giles y dif\u00edciles de recolectar sin da\u00f1arlos, todav\u00eda se conocen poco algunos aspectos de su biolog\u00eda, sus ciclos vitales y la din\u00e1mica de sus poblaciones. Los estudios continuados del plancton y los avances en la identificaci\u00f3n molecular est\u00e1n contribuyendo a mejorar el conocimiento de estos animales esquivos.<\/p>\n<p>La taxonom\u00eda y las relaciones evolutivas de los Gymnosomata se han investigado mediante estudios anat\u00f3micos y moleculares. Aunque tradicionalmente se han considerado un orden o un grupo principal diferenciado dentro de los pter\u00f3podos, su clasificaci\u00f3n forma parte de la revisi\u00f3n m\u00e1s amplia de las relaciones entre los gaster\u00f3podos del grupo Heterobranchia. Su cuerpo adulto sin concha, sus estructuras especializadas para nadar y su estilo de vida depredador ilustran la extraordinaria diversidad de adaptaciones que han evolucionado entre los gaster\u00f3podos marinos. A menudo pasan desapercibidos por su peque\u00f1o tama\u00f1o y su h\u00e1bitat pel\u00e1gico, pero los \u00e1ngeles de mar son un componente fascinante de la biodiversidad oce\u00e1nica y ofrecen informaci\u00f3n valiosa sobre la ecolog\u00eda y la evoluci\u00f3n de la vida en mar abierto.<\/p>\n<p>Seg\u00fan el WoRMS la taxonom\u00eda actualmente aceptada de los Gimnosomados es la siguiente:<\/p>\n    <style>\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader {\n            display: flex;\n            gap: 4px;\n            align-items: center;\n            justify-content: center;\n            height: 24px;\n            margin-bottom: 1em;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span {\n            display: block;\n            width: 4px;\n            height: 16px;\n            background: currentColor;\n            animation: opkTaxonomyBarPulse 1.2s infinite ease-in-out;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(1) { animation-delay: 0s; }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(2) { animation-delay: 0.2s; }\n        .opk-taxonomy-loader span:nth-child(3) { animation-delay: 0.4s; }\n\n        @keyframes opkTaxonomyBarPulse {\n            0%, 100% { transform: scaleY(0.5); opacity: 0.5; }\n            50% { transform: scaleY(1); opacity: 1; }\n        }\n\n        .opk-taxonomy-tree ul {\n            margin-top: 0.15em;\n            margin-bottom: 0.15em;\n            margin-left: 1em;\n            padding-left: 1em;\n            list-style-type: disc;\n        }\n        .opk-taxonomy-tree li {\n            margin: 0.1em 0;\n        }\n    <\/style>\n    <div id=\"opk-taxonomy-tree-2\" class=\"opk-taxonomy-tree\" aria-live=\"polite\">\n        <div class=\"opk-taxonomy-loader\" role=\"status\" aria-label=\"Loading\">\n            <span><\/span><span><\/span><span><\/span>\n        <\/div>\n    <\/div>\n    <script>\n    (function () {\n        var container = document.getElementById(\"opk-taxonomy-tree-2\");\n        if (!container) return;\n\n        fetch(\"https:\\\/\\\/opistobranquis.info\\\/wp-admin\\\/admin-ajax.php?action=opk_load_taxonomy_tree&slug&taxon&max_rank=Genus&lang=es\", { credentials: 'same-origin' })\n            .then(function (response) {\n                if (!response.ok) throw new Error('HTTP ' + response.status);\n                return response.text();\n            })\n            .then(function (html) {\n                container.innerHTML = html;\n            })\n            .catch(function () {\n                container.textContent = '\u26a0\ufe0f';\n            });\n    })();\n    <\/script>\n    \n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Entre las especies citadas en el Mediterr\u00e1neo o en la Pen\u00ednsula Ib\u00e9rica destacan:<\/p>\n\n    <div\n        class=\"autonav-grid autonav-columns-3\"\n    >\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/clione-limacina\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"607\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?fit=900%2C607&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Clione limacina eating Limacina by Alexander Semenov\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?w=900&amp;ssl=1 900w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?resize=150%2C101&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?resize=300%2C202&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" data-attachment-id=\"17082\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/clione-limacina\/clione-limacina-eating-limacina-by-alexander-semenov\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?fit=900%2C607&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"900,607\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Clione limacina eating Limacina by Alexander Semenov\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Clione limacina eating Limacina by Alexander Semenov&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Clione limacina&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2014\/12\/Clione-limacina-eating-Limacina-by-Alexander-Semenov.jpg?fit=900%2C607&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Clione limacina                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/cliopsis-krohnii\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"675\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Cliopsis-krohni-%40-Lake-Worth-Lagoon-Florida-USA-by-Anne-DuPont-DSC_0233.jpg?fit=900%2C675&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"Cliopsis krohnii @ Lake Worth Lagoon, Florida, USA 2-10-2011 by Anne DuPont\" loading=\"lazy\" data-attachment-id=\"22903\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/cliopsis-krohnii\/cliopsis-krohni-lake-worth-lagoon-florida-usa-by-anne-dupont-dsc_0233\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Cliopsis-krohni-%40-Lake-Worth-Lagoon-Florida-USA-by-Anne-DuPont-DSC_0233.jpg?fit=1024%2C768&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"1024,768\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"Cliopsis krohnii @ Lake Worth Lagoon, Florida, USA 2-10-2011 by Anne DuPont\" data-image-description=\"&lt;p&gt;Cliopsis krohnii @ Lake Worth Lagoon, Florida, USA 2-10-2011 by Anne DuPont &lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-image-caption=\"&lt;p&gt;Cliopsis krohnii @ Lake Worth Lagoon, Florida, USA 2-10-2011&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/11\/Cliopsis-krohni-%40-Lake-Worth-Lagoon-Florida-USA-by-Anne-DuPont-DSC_0233.jpg?fit=900%2C675&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Cliopsis krohnii                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/pneumoderma-mediterraneum\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?w=580&amp;ssl=1 580w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?resize=150%2C88&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?resize=300%2C176&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" data-attachment-id=\"10376\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/nudiblank\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"580,342\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"nudiblank\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Pneumoderma mediterraneum                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n            \n            <article class=\"autonav-card\">\n\n                <a href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/pneumoderma-violaceum\/\">\n\n                    \n                        <div class=\"autonav-image\">\n\n                            <img decoding=\"async\" width=\"580\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" class=\"autonav-thumb\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?w=580&amp;ssl=1 580w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?resize=150%2C88&amp;ssl=1 150w, https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?resize=300%2C176&amp;ssl=1 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 580px) 100vw, 580px\" data-attachment-id=\"10376\" data-permalink=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/nudiblank\/\" data-orig-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" data-orig-size=\"580,342\" data-comments-opened=\"0\" data-image-title=\"nudiblank\" data-image-description=\"\" data-image-caption=\"\" data-large-file=\"https:\/\/i0.wp.com\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2013\/09\/nudiblank.jpg?fit=580%2C342&amp;ssl=1\" \/>\n                        <\/div>\n\n                    \n                    <div class=\"autonav-content\">\n\n                        <h3>\n                            Pneumoderma violaceum                        <\/h3>\n\n                    <\/div>\n\n                <\/a>\n\n            <\/article>\n\n        \n    <\/div>\n\n    \n<p><strong>Bibliograf\u00eda<\/strong><\/p><ul><div id=\"zotpress-38ccb8ad8f66777449e68f74cdb326d4\" class=\"zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-Bib wp-block-group\">\n\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_API_USER_ID ZP_ATTR\">1246567<\/span>\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY 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Microanatomy and ultrastructure of the excretory system of two pelagic opisthobranch species (Gastropoda: Gymnosomata and Thecosomata). <i>J Submicrosc Cytol Pathol<\/i>, <i>32<\/i>(2), 185-94.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-PXH7C2SM\" data-zp-author-date='Klussmann-Kolb-and-Dinapoli-2006' data-zp-date-author='2006-Klussmann-Kolb-and-Dinapoli' data-zp-date='2006' data-zp-year='2006' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Klussmann-Kolb, A., Dinapoli, A. (2006). Systematic position of the pelagic Thecosomata and Gymnosomata within Opisthobranchia (Mollusca, Gastropoda) - revival of the Pteropoda. <i>Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research<\/i>, <i>44<\/i>(2), 118-129. <a class='zp-DOIURL' target='_blank' href='https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0469.2006.00351.x'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1439-0469.2006.00351.x<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-NBVMQ29Z\" data-zp-author-date='Lalli-and-Conover-1973' data-zp-date-author='1973-Lalli-and-Conover' data-zp-date='1973' data-zp-year='1973' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Lalli, C. M., Conover, R. J. (1973). Reproduction and development of Paedoclione doliiformis, and a comparison with Clione limacina (Opisthobranchia, Gymnosomata). <i>Marine Biology, 19: 13-22, 7 figs.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-D4M3S48G\" data-zp-author-date='Massy-1920' data-zp-date-author='1920-Massy' data-zp-date='1920' data-zp-year='1920' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Massy, A. L. (1920). Eupteropoda (Pteropoda Thecosomata) and Pterota (Pteropoda Gymnosomata). British Antarctic ('Terra Nova\u2019) Expedition 1910, Nat. Hist. rep, Zoology, 2(9). Mollusca, 3, 203-232, 9 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-T477RK9K\" data-zp-author-date='Massy-1932' data-zp-date-author='1932-Massy' data-zp-date='1932' data-zp-year='1932' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Massy, A. L. (1932). Mollusca: Gastropoda Thecosomata and Gymnosomata. Disc. Reports, 3: 267296, pl 39.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-F5I5T8E4\" data-zp-author-date='McGowan-1968' data-zp-date-author='1968-McGowan' data-zp-date='1968' data-zp-year='1968' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">McGowan, J. A. (1968). <i>Thecosomata and Gymnosomata. Veliger 3(suppl):103-135, pls 12-20.<\/i><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-4TECPGXX\" data-zp-author-date='Mifsud-2001' data-zp-date-author='2001-Mifsud' data-zp-date='2001' data-zp-year='2001' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Mifsud, C. (2001). A mysterious, living, \u00abgiant\u00bb Gymnosomata species near the Maltese Islands (Gastropoda, Opisthobranchia). Basteria 65(1-3):57-60.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-GUR55GW9\" data-zp-author-date='Minichev-1963' data-zp-date-author='1963-Minichev' data-zp-date='1963' data-zp-year='1963' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Minichev, Y. S. (1963). Anatomy of Anopsia gaudichaudi (Souleyet) and systematic position of Gymnosomata (Opisthobranchia). Zool. Zhurn., 42(9): 1317-1328, 6 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-6IH8EP6F\" data-zp-author-date='Morton-1957' data-zp-date-author='1957-Morton' data-zp-date='1957' data-zp-year='1957' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Morton, J. E. (1957). Opisthobranch Mollusca, Gymnosomata fam Clionidae. Fiches; Cons. intern. Explor. Mer, Zooplankton-sheet, 80: 1-4, 7 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-BNURE2BX\" data-zp-author-date='Newman-1989' data-zp-date-author='1989-Newman' data-zp-date='1989' data-zp-year='1989' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Newman, L. J. (1989). Pneumodermopsis spoeli, a New Pteropod (Opisthobranchia: Gymnosomata) from Australian Waters. Bull. Zool. Mus. Univ. Van Amsterdam 12(4):81-88.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-I3EG253D\" data-zp-author-date='Pelseneer-1887' data-zp-date-author='1887-Pelseneer' data-zp-date='1887' data-zp-year='1887' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pelseneer, P. (1887). Report on the Pteropoda, 1. The Gymnosomata. Report of the H M.S. Challenger, 19(4): .<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-Z73BGDZR\" data-zp-author-date='Pruvot-Fol-1934' data-zp-date-author='1934-Pruvot-Fol' data-zp-date='1934' data-zp-year='1934' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Pruvot Fol, A. (1934). Faune et flore de la M\u00e9diterran\u00e9e. GastropodaOpisthobranchiaGymnosomata. Comm Intern. Expl Sc. Mer M\u00e9diterr.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-97AJCTMZ\" data-zp-author-date='Starobogatov-1971' data-zp-date-author='1971-Starobogatov' data-zp-date='1971' data-zp-year='1971' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Starobogatov, J. I. (1971). Ordo Thecosomata; ordo Gymnosomata; ordo Heteropoda, In: Polevoy oprodeliteli planktona. Moscou (Zool. Inst. Akad): (without page or figure numbers, not bound, mimeographed).<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-GIHCKPWN\" data-zp-author-date='Tesch-1950' data-zp-date-author='1950-Tesch' data-zp-date='1950' data-zp-year='1950' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Tesch, J. J. (1950). The Gymnosomata, 2. Dana Rep, 6(36): 1-55, 37 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-XEAT236Q\" data-zp-author-date='Tesch-1903' data-zp-date-author='1903-Tesch' data-zp-date='1903' data-zp-year='1903' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Tesch, J. J. (1903). <i>Vorl\u00e4ufige Mitteilung \u00fcber die Thecosomata und Gymnosomata der Siboga-Expedition<\/i>. Tijdschrift der Nederlandsche Dierkundige Vereeniging (2) 9 (2): 111-117.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-Z9X3H9PV\" data-zp-author-date='Tesch-1904' data-zp-date-author='1904-Tesch' data-zp-date='1904' data-zp-year='1904' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Tesch, J. J. (1904). <i>The Thecosomata and Gymnosomata of the Siboga Expedition<\/i>. Siboga- Expeditie, Leiden, E.J. Brill, 52: 1-92.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-2N6E5JE9\" data-zp-author-date='Thollesson-1999' data-zp-date-author='1999-Thollesson' data-zp-date='1999' data-zp-year='1999' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Thollesson, M. (1999). Phylogenetic analysis of Euthyneura (Gastropoda) by means of the 16S rRNA gene: use of a \u00abfast\u00bb gene for \u00abhigher-level\u00bb phylogenies. <i>Proceedings of the Royal Society B-Biological Sciences<\/i>, <i>266<\/i>(1414), 75-83. <a class='zp-DOIURL' target='_blank' href='https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1999.0606'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1098\/rspb.1999.0606<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-X9BVDKPU\" data-zp-author-date='van-der-Spoel-1972' data-zp-date-author='1972-van-der-Spoel' data-zp-date='1972' data-zp-year='1972' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">van der Spoel, T. S. (1972). A taxonomical outline of the Gymnosomata (Mollusca). Basteria, 36(25): 7588.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-H8W8Z3RF\" data-zp-author-date='van-der-Spoel-1976' data-zp-date-author='1976-van-der-Spoel' data-zp-date='1976' data-zp-year='1976' data-zp-itemtype='book' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">van der Spoel, S. (1976). <i>Pseudothecosomata, Gymnosomata and Heteropoda (Gastropoda).<\/i> Utrecht (Bohn, Scheltema & Holkema): 484 pp, 246 figs.<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\t\t\t\t<div id=\"zp-ID-5131-1246567-67TWEMB9\" data-zp-author-date='Vortsepneva-and-Tzetlin-2014' data-zp-date-author='2014-Vortsepneva-and-Tzetlin' data-zp-date='2014' data-zp-year='2014' data-zp-itemtype='journalArticle' class=\"zp-Entry zpSearchResultsItem\">\n<div class=\"csl-bib-body\" style=\"line-height: 1.35; padding-left: 1em; text-indent:-1em;\">\n  <div class=\"csl-entry\">Vortsepneva, E. V., Tzetlin, A. B. (2014). NEW DATA ON THE FINE STRUCTURE OF HOOKS IN CLIONE LIMACINA (GASTROPODA, OPISTOBRANCHIA) AND DIVERSITY OF THE JAW APPARATUS IN GASTROPODS. <i>Zoologichesky Zhurnal<\/i>, <i>93<\/i>(3), 466-478. <a class='zp-DOIURL' target='_blank' href='https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7868\/s0044513414030179'>https:\/\/doi.org\/10.7868\/s0044513414030179<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-Entry .zpSearchResultsItem -->\n\t\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n\t\t<\/div><!-- .zp-List -->\n\t<\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n<p><\/p>Bibliograf\u00eda basada en los trabajos de <b>Steve Long, 2006<\/b>. <a target=_blank href=https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2016\/06\/Long-S.-2006-Bibliography-of-Opisthobranchia-1554-2000.pdf>Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000<\/a> y <b>Gary McDonald, 2009<\/b>. <a href=http:\/\/escholarship.org\/uc\/item\/8115h0wz>Bibliographia Nudibranchia<\/a>, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.<p><\/p><\/ul><p><\/p><\/p>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Los Gymnosomata, conocidos com\u00fanmente como \u00e1ngeles de mar, son un grupo de moluscos gaster\u00f3podos heterobranquios marinos clasificados tradicionalmente entre los pter\u00f3podos. Est\u00e1n especializados en la vida en mar abierto y se reconocen por su cuerpo delicado, a menudo transparente, y por las expansiones del pie en forma de alas, denominadas parapodios, que utilizan para nadar. A diferencia de sus parientes cercanos, las mariposas de mar (Thecosomata), los gimnosomados adultos carecen\u2026<\/p>\n<p class=\"continue-reading-button\"> <a class=\"continue-reading-link\" href=\"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/guia\/pteropoda\/gymnosomata\/\">Sigue leyendo<i class=\"crycon-right-dir\"><\/i><\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":291,"featured_media":8578,"parent":25094,"menu_order":1142,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_jetpack_hide_featured_image":false,"_jetpack_featured_image_duplicate_dismissed":0,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5131","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5131","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/291"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=5131"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5131\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":49030,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/5131\/revisions\/49030"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/25094"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/8578"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/opistobranquis.info\/es\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=5131"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}