Cargoa problematica

Cargoa problematica (Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli & Crocetta, 2019)

Cargoa problematica @ Gallipolli (Lecce, Italy) por Fabio Vitale

Nota taxonómica: Goniodorididae es una familia de pequeños nudibranquios dóridos distribuidos por todo el mundo que se alimentan de entoproctos, ascidias y briozoos. Las relaciones evolutivas entre sus taxones han sido inciertas debido a los taxones limitados disponibles para análisis filogenéticos; algunos géneros son parafiléticos. La familia incluye un número notable de géneros sinonimizados en los que la riqueza de especies está distribuida de manera desigual, unos géneros tienen docenas de especies, mientras que otros son monoespecíficos. Algunos clados son muy uniformes morfológicamente mientras que otros se consideran altamente variables. Paz Sedano et al (2024) utilizaron un enfoque de enriquecimiento objetivo de elementos ultraconservados para aumentar la resolución filogenética de la estructura principal en Goniodorididae, y aumentaron la representación de las especies al incluir cuatro marcadores genéticos de 109 especies de las casi 160 especies actualmente válidas. Como resultado, se dilucidaron dos subfamilias y once géneros, y se resucitaron los géneros sinonimizados Bermudella, Cargoa y Ceratodoris. También demostraron que el comportamiento trófico podría haber impulsado la evolución de las especies y la singularidad morfológica de la familia.
Las especies de Cargoa comparten algunos rasgos: la presencia de cuatro papilas delgadas y lineales ubicadas delante de los rinóforos; una o dos papilas lineales adicionales, seguidas de papilas claviformes, con los extremos inflados, que se hacen más grandes hacia la parte posterior; una papila dorsal con la misma forma que las laterales; un color marrón oscuro; y rádula pequeña con alrededor de diez filas de dientes (no más de 20). Aunque no hay evidencia clara de la preferencia de presa de la especie, estos moluscos pueden alimentarse de briozoos ctenostomos sobre los que ha sido citada, incluidas especies de Amathia, Margaretta y Anguinella. Las especies de Cargoa se encuentran en ambas costas del Océano Atlántico y en el Mar Mediterráneo.

Sinónimos

• Okenia impexa banyulensis Schmekel, 1979 (no disponible bajo ICZN Art. 15.1: nombre propuesto condicionalmente en 1960)
• Okenia problematica Pola, Paz-Sedano, Macali, Minchin, Marchini, Vitale, Licchelli et Crocetta, 2019

Descripción
Cuerpo alargado, de color blanco translúcido salpicado de manchas marrones bastante concentradas, con manchas blanco-amarillentas dispersas al azar. Todo el cuerpo está cubierto por espículas bastante evidentes, y termina en una cola blanca translúcida, larga y puntiaguda, cubierta con puntos marrones y puntos principalmente blancos dispersos. El borde del noto está bien desarrollado, con 8 papilas laterales distribuidas simétricamente a cada lado del cuerpo. La distribución de las papilas es la siguiente: una ubicada frente a los rinóforos, una al lado de los rinóforos, cuatro entre los rinóforos y las branquias, y dos situados detrás de las branquias y que surgen del mismo tallo. La forma y el tamaño de las papilas es ligeramente variable; las dos papilas situadas en la parte delantera son largas y con forma de dedo, seguidas de una más corta y el resto aumentan de tamaño hacia la parte trasera del cuerpo. Todas las papilas ubicadas tras los rinóforos tienen una punta ancha y redondeada, más evidente en la papila ubicada detrás de las branquias. Hay una única papila en la línea medio dorsal similar en forma y tamaño a las laterales, también con la punta redondeada. Los rinóforos son largos y delgados, del mismo patrón de coloración que el cuerpo, cada una con 6-9 lamelas en su porción distal. Las branquias se componen de cuatro ramas unipinnadas que rodean el ano, las dos ubicadas en la parte anterior una base común. Hay dos tentáculos orales cortos flanqueando la boca. El pie es largo y delgado, de color blanco translúcido, sin manchas, y con dos tentáculos propodiales pequeños y alargados en su cara anterior. El poro genital se encuentran en el lado derecho del cuerpo, generalmente cerca del rinóforo.

Biología
Cargoa problematica parece ser común a profundidades inferiores a los 10 m. Los especímenes recolectados en Gallipoli (Italia) fueron encontrados en un arrecife artificial situado en un fondo arenoso, entre hidrozoos no identificados y briozoos incrustantes. Templado (1982), Valdés y Ortea (1995), García-Gómez et al. (2011) y Ballesteros et al. (2016) citan su presencia críptica principalmente en fondos rocosos infralitorales (~ 5–10 m) con el briozoo Margaretta cereoides (Ellis & Solander, 1786). Sin embargo, Schmekel (1979), Schmekel y Portmann (1982), Valdés y Ortea (1995) y Ballesteros et al. (2016) también citan su presencia entre 5-15 m de profundidad en algas infralitorales como Halimeda J.V Lamouroux, 1812, las de la familia Corallinaceae Lamouroux, 1812 y Codium vermilara (Olivi) Delle Chiaje, 1829.

Etimología

• Cargoa. En honor de David G. Cargo, un colega de los Drs. Vogel y Schultz del Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons Maryland, EE.UU.
• Problematica, por su compleja historia taxonómica.

Distribución
La especie se ha descrito en base a ejemplares recolectados en Gallipoli (Lecce, Italia), Aiguafreda (Begur, Girona, España) y Cala Joncols (Roses, Girona, España). Los registros hallados en la bibliografía de Cargoa cupella y Cargoa impexa del mar Mediterráneo también pertenecen a este taxón.

Otras fotos

Bibliografía

1246567 Cargoa problematica 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 30894 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Vicente, N. (2008). 100 & une limaces de mer : guide d’identification des Mollusques Opisthobranches d’Atlantique et de Méditerranée. Éd. GAP.
Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

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