Pyrunculus hoernesi

Pyrunculus hoernesi (Weinkauff, 1866)

Pyrunculus hoernesi @ Croatia por Pero Ugarković

Nota Taxonómica: Pyrunculus hoernesi fue descrita originalmente por Weinkauff (1866) como Bulla (Cylichna) hoernesi, reflejando el amplio concepto de Bulla que en aquella época se aplicaba a numerosos cefalaspídeos de pequeño tamaño. Durante el siglo siguiente, la especie fue asignada generalmente al género Cylichna, apareciendo en la literatura bajo las combinaciones Cylichna hoernesi y Cylichna hoernesii. Esta última se considera actualmente una grafía posterior incorrecta, mientras que el nombre aceptado es Pyrunculus hoernesi (Weinkauff, 1866) (MolluscaBase, 2026; WoRMS Editorial Board, 2026). Del mismo modo, Cylichna cuneata Tiberi, 1868 se considera actualmente un sinónimo más moderno (junior synonym) de P. hoernesi (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La transferencia de la especie al género Pyrunculus fue consecuencia de una reinterpretación de la sistemática de los retúsidos basada en la morfología de la concha y en caracteres anatómicos. Aunque las especies de Pyrunculus y Cylichna son superficialmente similares, difieren en varios caracteres diagnósticos, especialmente en la forma de la concha y en la estructura de la molleja, que en Pyrunculus presenta tres placas quitinosas subtriangulares, cada una provista de dos tubérculos romos (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La taxonomía de los retúsidos mediterráneos ha sido históricamente dificil por su diminuto tamaño, la simplicidad de la concha y la escasez de estudios anatómicos, lo que ha dado lugar a frecuentes identificaciones erróneas e inconsistencias nomenclaturales. La revisión de Tringali y Oliverio (2001) aclaró la identidad de los representantes mediterráneos de Pyrunculus y estableció el marco taxonómico actualmente adoptado por MolluscaBase y el World Register of Marine Species (Bouchet et al., 2017; MolluscaBase, 2026).

Sinónimos

• Bulla (Cylichna) hoernesi Weinkauff, 1866
• Cylichna cuneata Tiberi, 1868
• Cylichna hoernesii (Weinkauff, 1866)

Descripción
Pyrunculus hoernesi es un pequeño cefalaspídeo provisto de una concha que alcanza aproximadamente 6 mm de longitud, aunque la mayoría de los ejemplares vivos son de menor tamaño (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La concha es relativamente sólida, lisa y brillante, de color blanco porcelanoso uniforme y carente de cualquier tipo de dibujo o patrón cromático. Presenta un contorno piriforme alargado que se estrecha gradualmente hacia el extremo posterior, situándose su máxima anchura aproximadamente al inicio del tercio inferior de la concha (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La abertura es larga y estrecha a lo largo de la mayor parte de su recorrido, ensanchándose ligeramente en la región anterior. La columela es casi recta, con una ligera curvatura sinuosa, mientras que el labio externo es fino y uniformemente redondeado. El ápice está profundamente hundido en un estrecho ombligo apical y rodeado por una serie de cortas costillas axiales. En la porción basal de la concha se observan finas estrías espirales que, por lo general, sólo son visibles con aumento (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). El animal vivo es delicado y translúcido, con las partes blandas expuestas de color blanco marfil a crema pálido, muy similares al color de la concha. El escudo cefálico es ancho y liso, con dos lóbulos posteriores triangulares. Los parapodios son pequeños y dejan expuesta la mayor parte de la concha, mientras que los ojos son poco conspicuos o difíciles de apreciar en ejemplares vivos (Moro et al., 2009).

Biología
Pyrunculus hoernesi es una especie infaunal que habita sedimentos marinos no consolidados, incluyendo arenas finas, arenas fangosas y fondos blandos mixtos, desde el sublitoral somero hasta profundidades superiores a los 100 m (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001; Gofas et al., 2011). Los ejemplares vivos rara vez son observados y la mayoría de los registros proceden de especímenes obtenidos mediante muestreos de sedimento (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La dieta de P. hoernesi no ha sido documentada y se desconocen sus preferencias alimentarias (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). Su biología reproductiva no ha sido estudiada. No existe información sobre la puesta, las masas de huevos, el desarrollo embrionario, las fases larvarias o el comportamiento reproductor (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). Del mismo modo, no se han publicado estudios que describan su comportamiento o su ciclo biológico en condiciones naturales.

Etimología

• Pyrunculus, del griego “pyrus”, pera y “con{unculus}”, sufijo de diminutivo. Con forma de pera pequeña.
• Hoernesi, en honor del paleontólogo y mineralogista austriaco Dr. Moritz Hörnes (1815-1868), padre del paleontólogo Prof. Dr. Rudolf Hörnes (1850-1912), quien publicó la obra “Die Gasteropoden der Meeresablagerungen der ersten und zweiten Miocanen Mediterran-Stufe in der osterreicheische-ungarischen Monarchie…”.

Distribución
Pyrunculus hoernesi ha sido registrada tanto en el Mediterráneo occidental como en el oriental, así como en el océano Atlántico nororiental (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). En el Atlántico, existen registros confirmados en las costas atlánticas de la península ibérica, Madeira, las Islas Canarias y Noruega (Bouchet, 1975; Moro et al., 2009; Gofas et al., 2011). La especie ha sido citada desde el sublitoral somero hasta profundidades superiores a los 100 m (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001; Gofas et al., 2011).

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Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., Nützel, A., Parkhaev, P. et al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia, 61(1-2), 1-526.
Capdevila, M., Folch, J. (2009). Fauna malacològica del Parc Subaquàtic de Tarragona (el Tarragonès, Catalunya, Espanya). SPIRA Vol. 3 Núms. 1-2 Pàg. 33-51.
Cervera, J. L., Calado, G., Gavaia, C., Malaquías, M. A. E., Templado, J., Ballesteros, M., García-Gómez, J. C., Megina, C. (2004). An annotated and updated checklist of the opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Spain and Portugal (including islands and archipelagos). Boletín Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 20(1-4), 1-111.
Gofas, S., Moreno, D., Salas, C. (2011). Moluscos marinos de Andalucía. Universidad de Málaga, Servicio de publicaciones e intercambio científico.
Long, S. J. (2006). Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000. Bayside Books & Press, Tustin, CA, U.S.A. 672p.
McDonald, G. (2009). Bibliographia Nudibranchia. 2nd Online Edition, Annotated. 1072 pp  Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz. Disponible en: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8115h0wz
Moreno, D., Templado, J. (1998). Nuevas aportaciones al conocimiento de los opistobranquios del sureste español. II. Iberus 16 (2): 39-58.
Moro, L., Ortea, J., Bacallado, J. J., Herrera, R., Espinosa, J., Caballer, M. (2009). Nuevas aportaciones al inventario de las babosas marinas del archipiélago canario (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia y Sacoglossa). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 21(3-4), 109-143.
Ozturk, B., Dogan, A., Bitlis-Bakir, B., Salman, A. (2014). Marine Molluscs of the Turkish Coasts: An Updated Checklist. Tübitak, Turkish Journal of Zoology 38. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1405-78
Peñas, A., Rolán, E., Luque, A., Templado, J., Rubio, F., Moreno, D., Sierra, A. (2006). Moluscos marinos de la zona de la isla de Alborán. Iberus, supplement 6.
Templado, J., Villanueva, R. (2010). Checklist of Phylum Mollusca. pp. 148-198 In Coll, M., et al., 2010. The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats. PLoS ONE 5(8):36pp.
Tringali, L. P. (1995). Known range of Pyrunculus hoernesii (Weinkauff, 1866) extended (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Cephalaspidea). Notiz CISMA 17: 3-4.
Tringali, L. P., Oliverio, M. (2001). The recent Mediterranean species of the genus Pyrunculus Pilsbry, 1895 (Opisthobranchia, Cephalaspidea, Retusidae). Bollettino Malacologico 37(5-8):151-162; figs. 1-45.
Weinkauff, H. C. (1866). Nouveau supplément au catalogue des coquilles marines recueillies sur les côtes de l’Algérie. Journal de Conchyliologie 14: 227-248.
WoRMS Editorial Board. (2026). World Register of Marine Species. WoRMS. Disponible en: http://www.marinespecies.org
Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

• Biodiversity Heritage Library
• Flickr pictures
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• World Register of Marine Species

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