Euthecosomata

Los Euthecosomata son un grupo de moluscos gasterópodos heterobranquios marinos que forman parte de los pterópodos, conocidos comúnmente como mariposas de mar. Están adaptados a la vida en la columna de agua y destacan por sus conchas pequeñas, a menudo transparentes, y por las expansiones del pie en forma de alas, denominadas parapodios, que utilizan para nadar. Su nombre hace referencia a su pertenencia a los pterópodos tecosomados, un grupo caracterizado tradicionalmente por la presencia de una concha. A diferencia de la mayoría de los gasterópodos, que se desplazan reptando por el fondo marino, los eutecosomados viven suspendidos en el agua y forman parte de las comunidades planctónicas oceánicas.

Styliola subula, un Euthecosomata

Los Euthecosomata se encuentran en ambientes marinos de todos los océanos del mundo, desde las aguas tropicales y subtropicales hasta las regiones polares. Muchas especies habitan en mar abierto, donde pueden ser abundantes en las muestras de plancton. Su distribución depende de factores como la temperatura del agua, las corrientes oceánicas, la disponibilidad de alimento y la profundidad. Algunas especies permanecen principalmente en las aguas superficiales, mientras que otras realizan migraciones verticales diarias, acercándose a la superficie durante la noche y descendiendo hacia aguas más profundas durante el día. A pesar de su pequeño tamaño, pueden aparecer en grandes cantidades y contribuir significativamente a la biomasa planctónica de algunos ecosistemas marinos.

Una de las características más distintivas del grupo es su delicada concha, que presenta formas diversas según la especie y puede ser enrollada, cónica o globosa. Generalmente está compuesta de aragonito, una forma cristalina de carbonato de calcio. El cuerpo suele ser translúcido, y los parapodios se extienden desde los lados del pie para formar dos estructuras semejantes a alas. Sus movimientos rítmicos impulsan al animal a través del agua y le dan el aspecto característico de una pequeña mariposa que nada en el mar. Otros rasgos anatómicos, como la forma de la concha, la rádula y las partes blandas del cuerpo, son importantes para distinguir las diferentes especies.

La mayoría de los eutecosomados se alimentan por filtración. Muchas especies producen una red mucosa que captura pequeñas partículas suspendidas en el agua, incluido el fitoplancton y otros materiales orgánicos. Esta red se ingiere periódicamente, lo que permite a los animales aprovechar los abundantes recursos alimentarios microscópicos del medio pelágico. Mediante su actividad alimentaria, los eutecosomados participan en las redes tróficas marinas y contribuyen a transferir materia orgánica y energía desde el plancton microscópico hasta organismos de mayor tamaño. También constituyen una fuente importante de alimento para diversos depredadores, entre ellos peces y otros animales pelágicos.

Los Euthecosomata tienen una importancia especial en el estudio de la acidificación oceánica. Como sus conchas están formadas principalmente por aragonito, son vulnerables a los cambios en la química de los carbonatos del agua de mar. Cuando el océano absorbe dióxido de carbono de la atmósfera, el pH disminuye y puede reducirse la disponibilidad de iones carbonato, lo que dificulta la formación de la concha e incrementa el riesgo de disolución en determinadas condiciones. Los efectos varían según la especie y el ambiente, pero los cambios en la abundancia, la distribución o el estado de estos organismos pueden tener consecuencias más amplias para las redes tróficas marinas y los ciclos biogeoquímicos.

Las investigaciones que combinan evidencias morfológicas y moleculares han mejorado el conocimiento de la diversidad y las relaciones evolutivas de los Euthecosomata. Aunque tradicionalmente se han considerado un grupo taxonómico diferenciado dentro de los pterópodos, su clasificación y sus relaciones de parentesco continúan revisándose mediante estudios filogenéticos. Sus estructuras especializadas para nadar, sus mecanismos de alimentación y sus delicadas conchas calcáreas ilustran las adaptaciones que han permitido a los gasterópodos prosperar en mar abierto. Pequeños y a menudo inadvertidos, los eutecosomados son componentes importantes de la biodiversidad marina y organismos valiosos para investigar los efectos de los cambios ambientales sobre los ecosistemas pelágicos.

La taxonomía actual de los Euthecosomata publicada en WoRMS es:

Algunas especies de Eutecosomata citadas en el Mediterráneo o en la Península Ibérica:

Cavolinia gibbosa

Cavolinia globulosa

Cavolinia inflexa

Cavolinia tridentata

Cavolinia uncinata

Clio cuspidata

Clio pyramidata

Creseis acicula

Creseis conica

Creseis virgula

Cuvierina columnella

Diacavolinia limbata

Diacavolinia longirostris

Diacria trispinosa

Heliconoides inflatus

Hyalocylis striata

Limacina bulimoides

Limacina helicina

Limacina lesueurii

Limacina retroversa

Styliola subula

1246567 Euthecosomata 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 2503 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia, 47(1-2), 1-397.
Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., Nützel, A., Parkhaev, P. et al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia, 61(1-2), 1-526.
Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.