Nudibranchia

Los nudibranquios son un grupo de babosas marinas que incluye a los tradicionales nudibranquios cladohepáticos (eolidáceos, armináceos y dendronotáceos), además del enigmático grupo de los Doridoxidae, todos ellos caracterizados por presentar el ano en posición lateral derecha y una glándula digestiva más o menos ramificada.

Felimare tricolor por Enric Madrenas

La historia taxonómica de los nudibranquios (Nudibranchia Cuvier, 1817) es un ejemplo paradigmático de cómo la biología marina ha evolucionado desde un enfoque esencialmente morfológico hacia una síntesis filogenética que integra datos anatómicos, moleculares y ontogenéticos. Los nudibranquios, tradicionalmente incluidos dentro de los “opistobranquios”, fueron considerados durante décadas un orden de este gran grupo de moluscos gasterópodos marinos caracterizados por la pérdida de la concha en el estado adulto y por la presencia de branquias externas. Esta concepción clásica —heredada de la zoología del siglo XIX— se mantuvo vigente hasta bien entrado el siglo XX, cuando los primeros análisis morfológicos sistemáticos comenzaron a revelar la complejidad interna del grupo y la falta de monofilia de los “Opisthobranchia”.

Los estudios de Heike Wägele (2000), basados en más de un centenar de caracteres anatómicos e histológicos, fueron decisivos para consolidar la monofilia de Nudibranchia y establecer una división primaria en dos grandes linajes: Anthobranchia y Cladobranchia, diferenciados por la morfología corporal y la disposición de las branquias. Esta estructura básica dominó la sistemática del grupo durante casi dos décadas, hasta que la llegada de las técnicas moleculares transformó radicalmente la manera de entender las relaciones internas de los heterobranquios.

A partir de los primeros trabajos moleculares y transcriptómicos del siglo XXI (como los de Karmeinski et al., 2021), se puso de manifiesto que muchas de las clasificaciones tradicionales eran artificiales o parafiléticas. Grupos que habían sido definidos por caracteres superficiales -como la forma del cuerpo o la estructura de los cerata- resultaron ser heterogéneos, mientras que otros linajes aparentemente dispersos mostraban una afinidad filogenética inesperada. En este contexto, la noción clásica de Nudibranchia como un conjunto de “opistobranquios sin concha” perdió sentido, y el foco se desplazó hacia una delimitación filogenéticamente coherente dentro del gran clado Heterobranchia.

El trabajo de Korshunova et al. (2025) representa, en este sentido, un punto de inflexión fundamental. Los autores proponen una revisión profunda de la taxonomía de los nudibranquios basada en una combinación de datos morfológicos detallados, observaciones ontogenéticas y secuencias moleculares. Su estudio denuncia lo que denominan “pseudo-optimización taxonómica”: una tendencia histórica a simplificar en exceso la clasificación para ajustarla a modelos jerárquicos rígidos, suprimiendo así buena parte de la diversidad real del grupo.

Korshunova et al. (2025) restringen de manera explícita el alcance del orden Nudibranchia y reinstauran cinco subórdenes clásicos que habían sido progresivamente fusionados o abandonados: Arminina, Tritonina, Dendronotina, Janolina y Aeolidina. Esta reestructuración devuelve coherencia filogenética a la clasificación y reconoce la independencia evolutiva de diversos linajes que antes se habían agrupado bajo denominaciones artificiales como “Cladobranchia”. Especialmente significativa es la revisión del suborden Aeolidina, dentro del cual los autores identifican diez superfamilias claramente definidas y veintinueve familias, incluyendo dos de nueva descripción (Chudidae fam. nov. y Hantazuidae fam. nov.). También se restablece la superfamilia Embletonioidea, cuya posición había sido objeto de debate persistente en la literatura molecular.

Esta nueva clasificación, aunque compleja, ofrece un marco evolutivo más realista y pone de manifiesto que la diversidad de los nudibranquios es mucho mayor de lo que se había supuesto. El enfoque integrador de Korshunova et al. (2025) sostiene que solo el análisis conjunto de morfología, genética y desarrollo puede evitar distorsiones derivadas de la “optimización” taxonómica y restituir así la auténtica riqueza evolutiva del grupo. En definitiva, su trabajo redefine Nudibranchia no como un residuo de los antiguos “opistobranquios”, sino como un clado bien delimitado dentro de los Heterobranchia, en el que la evolución de las formas corporales y de los sistemas defensivos químicos ha generado una diversidad que, como sugiere el título del artículo, es realmente “inacabable y extraordinariamente diferenciada”.

Los Nudibranchia, como grupo, no presentan una organización corporal homogénea: los Aeolidioidea, Fionoidea, Flabellinoidea y Proctonotoidea tienen el cuerpo alargado y grupos de papilas llamados cerata a ambos lados del cuerpo. Los Arminoidea presentan un cuerpo de forma más o menos triangular y viven en fondos blandos. Los Dendronotoidea y Tritonioidea tienen el cuerpo alargado y prolongaciones dendríticas a los lados. Los Doridoxoidea muestran una morfología corporal semejante a la de los nudibranquios dorídidos, es decir, aplanada dorsoventralmente.

La sinopsis sistemática de los Nudibranchia según Bouchet et al. (2017) y reflejada en WoRMS es como sigue:

Grupos principales de nudibranquios:

Aeolidioidea

Arminoidea

Dendronotoidea

Embletonioidea

Fionoidea

Proctonotoidea

Tritonioidea

1246567 Nudibranchia 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 235 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.