Nudibranchia

Nudibranchia es un grupo diverso de babosas marinas que tradicionalmente comprende dos grandes linajes evolutivos, Doridina y Cladobranchia. Los nudibranquios se caracterizan por la ausencia de concha en el estado adulto y por una gran diversidad de estructuras externas especializadas relacionadas con la respiración, la alimentación, la defensa y las funciones sensoriales.

Felimare tricolor por Enric Madrenas

La historia taxonómica de los nudibranquios (Nudibranchia Cuvier, 1817) ilustra la transición desde clasificaciones basadas principalmente en la morfología y la anatomía hacia enfoques filogenéticos que incorporan evidencias anatómicas, moleculares y del desarrollo. Tradicionalmente, los nudibranquios se incluían entre los «opistobranquios», una agrupación informal de gasterópodos marinos caracterizada por la frecuente reducción o pérdida de la concha y por diversas estructuras respiratorias especializadas. Este concepto tradicional persistió durante buena parte del siglo XX, cuando los estudios anatómicos comparativos demostraron progresivamente la complejidad de las relaciones entre los grupos incluidos en Opisthobranchia y cuestionaron su consideración como un grupo evolutivo natural.

Wägele y Willan (2000), a partir de un amplio análisis de caracteres morfológicos y anatómicos, proporcionaron un marco filogenético influyente para Nudibranchia. Su clasificación reconocía dos grandes divisiones, Anthobranchia, correspondiente en términos generales a los nudibranquios doridáceos, y Cladobranchia, que comprendía los grupos tradicionalmente reconocidos como aeólidos, armináceos y dendronotáceos. Este marco influyó posteriormente en diversas clasificaciones de los nudibranquios y de los gasterópodos heterobranquios.

El desarrollo de los métodos moleculares y transcriptómicos durante el siglo XXI proporcionó nuevas evidencias sobre las relaciones entre los diferentes linajes de nudibranquios y condujo a numerosos cambios en su clasificación. Los estudios moleculares demostraron que algunas agrupaciones tradicionales no se correspondían con linajes evolutivos y aportaron evidencias de relaciones que no siempre podían inferirse únicamente a partir de la morfología externa. En consecuencia, la clasificación de Nudibranchia ha continuado revisándose a medida que se han incorporado nuevas evidencias filogenéticas.

Korshunova et al. (2025) propusieron una importante reorganización de la clasificación superior de los nudibranquios. En su tratamiento, el nombre Nudibranchia se restringía al linaje correspondiente esencialmente a Cladobranchia, mientras que los nudibranquios doridáceos eran separados y reconocidos como el orden Doridida. Los autores también reorganizaron sustancialmente la clasificación superior de los linajes cladobranquios y recuperaron varios subórdenes tradicionales.

Esta interpretación fue posteriormente reconsiderada por Moles et al. (2026) en su análisis más amplio de la estabilidad taxonómica de los heterobranquios marinos. Los autores argumentaron que las decisiones taxonómicas deben tener en cuenta no solo las relaciones filogenéticas, sino también la capacidad diagnóstica y la estabilidad de los taxones, la continuidad de la nomenclatura establecida y las consecuencias de los cambios nomenclaturales de gran alcance. En el caso de los nudibranquios, apoyaron el mantenimiento del nombre establecido Nudibranchia en su sentido amplio, en lugar de restringirlo exclusivamente a Cladobranchia.

El marco adoptado aquí sigue, por tanto, el concepto amplio de Nudibranchia respaldado por Moles et al. (2026). Según esta interpretación, el orden mantiene su ámbito tradicional e incluye Doridina y Cladobranchia como sus dos principales linajes evolutivos.

Los nudibranquios presentan una extraordinaria diversidad de formas corporales y estructuras especializadas. Los linajes de aeólidos y otros cladobranquios poseen habitualmente cerata u otros apéndices dorsales, mientras que las formas dendronotáceas y tritoníidas pueden desarrollar elaborados procesos ramificados o dendríticos. Los nudibranquios doridáceos presentan generalmente un cuerpo más compacto y una disposición posterior de las branquias secundarias. Estos diferentes planes corporales están asociados con diversas estrategias alimentarias, mecanismos defensivos, adaptaciones sensoriales y relaciones ecológicas.

Nudibranchia ocupa una amplia variedad de ambientes marinos, desde hábitats costeros someros e intermareales hasta regiones más profundas de la plataforma y el talud continental. Muchas especies están estrechamente asociadas con determinados organismos presa, entre ellos cnidarios, esponjas, briozoos y otros invertebrados sésiles. Estas asociaciones tróficas se reflejan con frecuencia en su morfología, comportamiento y estrategias defensivas.

La diversidad de los nudibranquios también se refleja en su clasificación. Las relaciones entre varios de sus principales linajes han sido revisadas repetidamente a medida que se han acumulado nuevas evidencias anatómicas, del desarrollo y moleculares. Por ello, la clasificación superior del grupo debe considerarse un marco que puede seguir modificándose a medida que se disponga de nuevas evidencias filogenéticas.

La sinopsis sistemática de Nudibranchia adoptada aquí sigue el concepto amplio respaldado por Moles et al. (2026), según el cual el orden incluye los dos grandes linajes Doridina y Cladobranchia.

Grupos principales de nudibranquios:

Doridina

Cladobranchia

1246567 Nudibranchia 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 235 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.