Aplysia depilans

Aplysia depilans Gmelin, 1791

• Aplysia juliana var. quoyana Engel & Eales, 1957
• Aplysia leporina Delle Chiaje, 1828
• Aplysia major Lankester, 1875
• Aplysia melanopus Couch, 1870
• Aplysia petersoni Gray J.E., 1828
• Aplysia poli Delle Chiaje, 1824
• Aplysia poliana Delle Chiaje, 1824
• Aplysia sandvichensis Sowerby G.B. II, 1869
• Aplysia woodi Bergh, 1908
• Dolabella fragilis Lamarck, 1822
• Dolabella laevis de Blainville, 1819
• Dolabella lepus Risso, 1826
• Syphonota bipes Pease, 1860
• Tethys capensis O’Donoghue, 1929

Descripción
Es junto con A. fasciata la mayor liebre de mar de aguas europeas, ya que se cita que puede alcanzar hasta 30 cm de longitud (Eales, 1960) y un peso de alrededor de 1 kg. El cuerpo es ancho y de coloración variable desde el marrón a verdoso, existiendo frecuentemente manchas o puntuaciones de color blanquecino o amarillento. Los tentáculos orales son anchos y los rinóforos auriculados. Los parápodos están fusionados por detrás, como en A. punctata. El manto dorsal tiene un foramen de pequeño diámetro desde el que se aprecian unas finas estrías radiales. A través del foramen se puede ver la superficie de la concha, que es interna, delgada, aplanada y semitransparente. En la zona anterior derecha de la cavidad paleal se aprecian los múltiples poros de la glándula opalina. El pie es ancho y redondeado por detrás y en la zona posterior desarrolla una zona adherente de contorno circular llamada ventosa metapodial que permite fijarse al animal al substrato. En el aparato genital, el pene es oscuro, casi negro y su cutícula tiene espinas peniales.

Biología
Como las demás especies europeas del género, A. depilans vive en fondos someros del litoral donde abundan las algas fotófilas que son su dieta alimenticia, aunque a menudo se la encuentra bajo piedras. Se ha comprobado que come diferentes especies de algas como Dictyota, Ulva y diversas feofíceas. La unión posterior de los parápodos impide que pueda efectuar movimientos de natación, aunque se ha citado que ejemplares mediterráneos pueden nadar. Debido a la presencia de la ventosa metapodial, los animales se sujetan fuertemente al substrato por la parte posterior del pie, pudiendo el resto del cuerpo permanecer casi erguido. Cuando los ejemplares son molestados bruscamente son capaces de segregar por los orificios de la glándula opalina un fluido defensivo de color blanquecino y olor penetrante. Como en otras especies del género, durante la época de reproducción numerosos individuos copulan en cadena y de manera recíproca; el primer individuo de la cadena tiene el papel de hembra, siendo fecundado por el que está detrás, el animal situado al final de la cadena hace el papel de macho, fecundando al que tiene delante y todos los individuos intermedios en la cadena tienen el papel de macho y hembra a la vez, fecundando al que tienen delante y siendo fecundados por el de atrás. En Asturias se ha estudiado (Martínez, 1995) el ciclo anual de una población de A. depilans en una zona intermareal de la playa de Las Llanas y se ha comprobado que el periodo de puesta va desde finales de junio hasta final de septiembre y que el ciclo vital dura menos de un año, desapareciendo los ejemplares de dicha playa durante los meses de invierno. Las puestas, como en otras especies del género, tienen forma de un cordón muy largo y enrollado formando una masa compacta de color amarillo-anaranjado que puede ser 80 veces más largo que el tamaño del cuerpo. Dentro del cordón hay cápsulas ovígeras que contienen de promedio unos 25 huevos de unas 100 micras de diámetro, contabilizándose más de 3 millones de huevos en una masa ovígera (Bebbington & Thompson, 1968). De las zonas externas del cuerpo de A. depilans se han extraído diversos metabolitos secundarios denominados aplyolidas que se han mostrado con carácter repelente a la depredación e ictiotóxicos (Martínez, 1995).

Etimología

• Aplysia. Nom procedent del grec que significa brutícia
• depilans = depilatoria, creencia antigua de que con su contacto se producía una pérdida de cabello.

Distribución
Es una especie que se distribuye por las costas europeas desde las Islas Británicas al Mediterráneo También citada en Canarias, Madeira, Azores y archipiélago de Cabo Verde. En la Península Ibérica ha sido citada en todas sus zonas costeras tanto españolas como portuguesas y en Catalunya se ha observado desde la Costa Brava N y S, las Islas Medas, el Maresme, la Costa Dorada y el litoral de Tarragona hasta Sant Carles de la Ràpita.

Citas georeferenciadas conocidas de la especie: Aplysia depilans

Fonts:
OBIS GROC 2010-2011 Enric Madrenas João Pedro Silva Bernard Picton GBIF	OPK VIMAR Manuel Ballesteros M@re Nostrum Altres fonts Marine Regions

Vídeos

Otras fotos

Aplysia depilans

Posta de Aplysia depilans

Posta de Aplysia depilans

Aplysia depilans juvenile by Constantino Mifsud

Aplysia depilans @ Sicily, Italy by Lara Orselli

Aplysia depilans @ Sicily, Italy by Lara Orselli

Aplysia depilans mating @ Sicily, Italy by Lara Orselli

Aplysia depilans mating @ Sicily, Italy by Lara Orselli

1246567 Aplysia depilans 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 367 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

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