Catriona aurantia

Catriona aurantia (Alder & Hancock, 1842)

Catriona aurantia por Klas Malmberg

Nota taxonómica: Los análisis filogenéticos realizados por Cella et al. (2016) revelaron que la familia Tergipedidae tradicional es polifilética y pertenece a un clado monofilético mayor que incluye miembros de las familias tradicionales Eubranchidae, Fionidae y Calmidae; este fue un resultado inesperado, ya que la validez de estos taxones y su distinción de los Tergipedidae nunca había sido cuestionada antes. Se propone unir las familias Tergipedidae, Eubranchidae, Calmidae y Fionidae bajo el nombre de Fionidae. Dentro de Fionidae, los resultados obtenidos demostraron la necesidad de desarrollar una nueva clasificación pues las clasificaciones anteriores (por ejemplo, separando Catriona, Cuthona y Trinchesia como taxones distintos) eran inconsistentes con la filogenia resultante. Estos análisis también recuperan un clado (Tenellia) que incluye a todos los miembros de los géneros Tenellia, Trinchesia, Phestilla, Catriona y la mayoría de las especies descritas y no descritas de Cuthona. Se proponen nuevos géneros Rubramoena, Abronica y Tergiposacca para agrupar otras especies. También sugiere que Fionidae es rico en complejos de especies crípticas, difíciles de separar por los caracteres taxonómicos tradicionales, y con una gran diversidad de especies no detectadas previamente.
Pocos meses después Korshunova et al. (2017) retoman el estudio de la filogenia de los Tergipedidae y utilizando no sólo datos moleculares sino también morfológicos y ontogenéticos realizan una crítica severa al trabajo de Cella et al. (2016), proponiendo reinstaurar las familias Calmidae, Eubranchidae, Fionidae, Tergipedidae, Cuthonidae, Cuthonellidae y Trinchesiidae, siendo esta última la más abundante en taxones específicos. También reinstauran los géneros Catriona, Diaphoreolis, Phestilla y Trinchesia que en el trabajo de Cella et al. (2016) habían sido incluidos dentro del género Tenellia. Korshunova et al. describen además un género nuevo, Zelentia que incluye a Z. pustulata (especie tipo Eolis pustulata Alder & Hancock, 1854), a Z. fulgens (MacFarland, 1966) y a una nueva especie del Mar de Barents, Z. ninel, indicando p-distances importantes entre las tres especies (entre 10.49% y 13.83%). Todos los géneros anteriores, Korshunova et al. (2017) los consideran dentro de la familia Trinchesiidae. También cuestionan la validez del género Rubramoena de Cella et al.
La posición de WoRMS es de tipo conservador, manteniendo las familias Cuthonidae, Calmidae, Cuthonellidae, Eubranchidae, Fionidae, Pseodovermidae, Tergipedidae y Trinchesiidae dentro de la superfamilia Fionoidea. Las especies europeas que, hasta hace poco, estaban consideradas como Cuthona, WoRMS las considera dentro del género Trinchesia, como T.albopunctata, T.caerulea, T.foliata, T.genovae, T.granosa, T.ilonae, T.miniostriata y T.ocellata. Rubramoena es también considerado un género válido en WoRMS. Estas opiniones son las que consideramos en OPK mientras no haya otros datos más concluyentes.

Schmekel & Portmann (1982) y Thompson & Brown (1984) clasificaron erróneamente a Catriona aurantia como sinónimo de Catriona gymnota (Couthouy, 1838), especie que habita en el Atlántico noroccidental desde Cabo Cod hasta Terranova. Otros autores repitieron posteriormente este error. Análisis moleculares demostraron que se trata de especies distintas y bien diferenciadas (Korshunova et al., 2017).

Sinónimos

• Eolis aurantia Alder & Hancock, 1842
• Eolis aurantiaca Alder & Hancock, 1851
• Cuthona aurantia (Alder & Hancock, 1842)
• Trinchesia aurantia (Alder & Hancock, 1842)

Descripción
Esta especie puede alcanzar una longitud de hasta 22 mm. El cuerpo es blanco translúcido, a veces con tonalidades anaranjadas o rosadas, sin marcas superficiales. Los órganos internos pueden ser visibles por transparencia. Los cerata son translúcidos, dispuestos en hasta doce filas transversales a cada lado del cuerpo, con un máximo de siete cerata por fila. Éstos son más abultados que en otras especies de la familia, y a menudo cubren los flancos y gran parte del dorso. La glándula digestiva interna, visible por transparencia, puede presentar coloraciones rosa, marrón anaranjado, marrón oliva o marrón granate. El tercio distal de cada cera muestra una banda blanca ancha, frecuentemente teñida de naranja pálido en el ápice, en ejemplares adultos. La punta del cera puede ser blanco translúcido, aunque el cnidosaco apenas es visible. Cuando están bien alimentados, los cerata son robustos y más anchos en la mitad superior; pero en los ejemplares que no han comido se vuelven más delgados y lineales. Los rinóforos son lisos, de color marrón anaranjado translúcido, sin pigmentación superficial. Los ojos son pequeños, negros e internos, visibles detrás de la base de cada rinóforo. Los tentáculos orales son de color blanco translúcido, sin pigmento superficial. El pie es ancho y redondeado anteriormente, sin tentáculos propodiales, estrechándose posteriormente hasta una punta afilada. La abertura genital se localiza por debajo de la primera fila de cerata en el lado derecho del cuerpo.

Biología
Se encuentra habitualmente en zonas poco profundas y expuestas, donde el movimiento del agua es intenso. Se alimenta de hidrozoos del género Tubularia, especialmente Tubularia larynx. Los individuos suelen hallarse entre los tallos de Tubularia y se cree que se alimentan perforando los tallos en lugar de consumir los pólipos (Picton & Morrow, 2016). La puesta es una masa transparente e incolora, de forma reniforme, que se deposita en la base del organismo del que se alimenta. Las larvas veligeras son planctónicas durante un máximo de diez días antes de metamorfosearse en forma adulta. Se puede encontrar durante todo el año, con varias generaciones anuales (Miller, 1962).

Etimología

• Catriona. Forma escocesa e irlandesa de Katherine, que proviene del griego “katharos”, que significa “pura”. Evelyn Marcus, una respetada malacóloga brasileña (nacida en Alemania), solía utilizar nombres con inspiración literaria o cultural en la taxonomía. Aunque no siempre explicaba los nombres que acuñaba, estos a menudo tenían un significado personal, estético o lingüístico.
• Aurantia, del Latín “aurantiacus”, de color dorado.

Distribución
Desde Noruega hasta Bretaña y alrededor de las Islas Británicas, extendiéndose hacia el sur hasta el Golfo de Vizcaya. También se ha hallado en Galicia, España (Trigo et al., 2018, como C. gymnota). Schmekel y Portmann (1982) la describen (como C. gymnota) en el Mediterráneo occidental, aunque probablemente se refieren a otra especie, Trinchesia sp.2 en Prkić et al. (2018). Parece ser escasa o ausente del sur de la península ibérica y del Mediterráneo.

Otras fotos

Bibliografía

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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

• AsturNatura
• Biodiversity Heritage Library
• BiologiaMarina.org
• DORIS
• Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland
• European Sea Slugs by Morddyn
• Flickr pictures
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• Scottish Nudibranchs
• The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
• World Register of Marine Species

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