Nemesignis banyulensis

Nemesignis banyulensis (Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960)

Nemesignis banyulensis por Enric Madrenas

Nota taxonómica: Furfaro & Mariottini (2021) publicaron “La taxonomía integrativa es un campo en contínua evolución de estudios multidisciplinarios que, a menudo, se utilizan para dilucidar reconstrucciones filogenéticas que no se entendían bien en el pasado. La sistemática de muchos taxones se ha resuelto mediante la combinación de datos de diferentes enfoques de investigación, es decir, moleculares, ecológicos, conductuales, morfológicos y químicos. En cuanto al análisis molecular, en la actualidad se estan buscando nuevos marcadores genéticos que puedan resultar diagnósticos en diferentes niveles taxonómicos y que se puedan sumar a los canónicos. En heterobranquios marinos, los marcadores mitocondriales usados más extendidos, COI y 16S, generalmente se analizan comparando la secuencia primaria. La molécula de ARNr 16S se puede plegar en una estructura secundaria 2D que ha sido poco explotada en los estudios anteriores de heterobranquios, pese a que los análisis moleculares 2D son fuentes de posibles caracteres diagnósticos. La comparación de los resultados de los análisis filogenéticos concatenadors (el nuclear H3 y los marcadores mitocondriales COI y 16S) y de los análisis de estructura de plegamiento 2D del ARNr 16S de las especies tipo de los géneros investigados demostraron el poder de diagnóstico de esta molécula de ARN para revelar la sistemática de cuatro géneros pertenecientes a la familia Myrrhinidae (Gastropoda, Heterobranchia). Este enfoque “morfológico molecular” del ARNr 16S reveló ser una poderosa herramienta para delimitar a nivel taxonómico tanto la especie como el género y también demostró ser una forma útil de recuperar información que generalmente se pierde en los análisis filogenéticos ”. Mientras que se demostró la validez de los géneros Godiva, Hermissenda, Nanuca y Phyllodesmium, se necesitaba un nuevo género para Dondice banyulensis: Nemesignis.

Sinónimos

• Dondice nicolae Vicente, 1967
• Godiva banyulensis Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960
• Dondice banyulensis (Portmann & Sandmeier, 1960)

Descripción
Es el eolidáceo de mayor talla del Mediterráneo ya que puede llegar a alcanzar los 7 cm de longitud. Inconfundible por su tamaño y por lo espectacular de su coloración anaranjada, algo más oscura en la cabeza y más clara en el dorso, donde por transparencia pueden adivinarse los órganos internos. Todo el cuerpo del animal está recorrido por una línea media dorsal de color blanco que pasa entre la base de los rinóforos, recorre toda la cabeza y se bifurca anteriormente para penetrar en la cara interna de los tentáculos orales. A cada lado del cuerpo hay otra línea blanca que recorre todo el lateral del cuerpo por debajo de la inserción de los cerata. En ocasiones también existe una línea discontinua blanca entre las bases de los grupos de cerata. Los tentáculos orales son muy largos, bastante anchos en la base y de color naranja excepto en su extremo que es blanco. Los rinóforos son finos y cortos en relación con el tamaño del animal, son anillados en casi toda su extensión y de color anaranjado excepto el ápice que suele ser blanco. Los cerata suelen estar reunidos en 6 grupos a cada lado del cuerpo, cada grupo con varias hileras de cerata. Los cerata son largos, finos, ligeramente curvados y de color naranja, como el resto del cuerpo. La glándula digestiva en su interior tiene forma de un fino cordón de color marrón. La zona anterior de los cerata puede estar irisada de blanco. El pie es muy ancho y semitransparente, con todo su margen teñido con una línea blanca irisada que lo recorre totalmente, en la cola, esta línea blanca marginal del pie se fusiona con la medio dorsal. Los tentáculos propodiales son gruesos y de color naranja, excepto su extremo que es blanco irisado.

Biología
Resulta incomprensible que la más espectacular y más grande especie de eolidáceo del Mediterráneo pasara desapercibida hasta 1960, año en que fue descrita por Portmann y Sandmeier como nueva para la ciencia. Es una especie muy activa, como la mayoría de los facelínidos, que al ser molestada extiende cerata hacia los lados en una actitud claramente defensiva. Se encuentra en gran variedad de hábitats y sustratos como, por ejemplo, encima de colonias de hidrozoos del género Eudendrium, sobre gorgonias (Eunicella verrucosa), en el coralígeno, paseando sobre fondo arenoso o en paredes rocosas fotófilas. Como alimento de esta especie se ha citado desde los pólipos de Eudendrium, poliquetos e incluso otros nudibranquios eolidáceos (Flabellina pedata, F. affinis, Cratena peregrina, Facelina rubrovittata). Se ha podido observar que los animales cuando entran en contacto para copular mueven los cerata enérgicamente. La puesta es un cordón profusamente festoneado con huevos blancos.

Etimología

• Nemesignis, de la unión de la palabra griega Nemesis, que recuerda a la diosa griega homónima y su papel de justicia compensatoria, con la palabra latina Ignis, que es el fuego que arde, ligado al color rojo fuego de la especie tipo del género.
• Banyulensis en referencia a la estación oceanográfica de Banyuls-sur-mer (Francia)

Distribución
Hasta hace pocos años se consideraba que N. banyulensis estaba circunscrita al Mediterráneo occidental. Sin embargo, recientemente se ha citado en las costas de Croacia y de Turquía, y desde hace pocos años, se sabe también de su presencia en la costa atlántica ibérica, desde Tarifa (Cádiz) a Pasaia (Euskadi) y en Canarias. En la Península Ibérica habita en todas las zonas costeras mediterráneas y de las Baleares. En Cataluña se ha citado en numerosas localidades de la Costa Brava (Port de la Selva, Cadaqués, L’Estartit, Begur, Palamós, Tossa de Mar y Blanes) así como en el exterior del puerto de Tarragona.

Especies similares
Fjordia lineata, cuerpo blanquecino y translúcido, no anaranjado, más pequeño, cerata rayados de blanco anteriormente, tentáculos orales más cortos que los rinóforos.

Vídeos

 

Otras fotos

Bibliografía

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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

• AsturNatura
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• World Register of Marine Species

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