Rubramoena rubescens

Rubramoena rubescens (Picton & Brown, 1978)

Rubramoena rubescens por Bernard Picton

Nota taxonómica: Los análisis filogenéticos realizados por Cella et al. (2016) revelaron que la familia Tergipedidae tradicional es polifilética y pertenece a un clado monofilético mayor que incluye miembros de las familias tradicionales Eubranchidae, Fionidae y Calmidae; este fue un resultado inesperado, ya que la validez de estos taxones y su distinción de los Tergipedidae nunca había sido cuestionada antes. Se propone unir las familias Tergipedidae, Eubranchidae, Calmidae y Fionidae bajo el nombre de Fionidae. Dentro de Fionidae, los resultados obtenidos demostraron la necesidad de desarrollar una nueva clasificación pues las clasificaciones anteriores (por ejemplo, separando Catriona, Cuthona y Trinchesia como taxones distintos) eran inconsistentes con la filogenia resultante. Estos análisis también recuperan un clado (Tenellia) que incluye a todos los miembros de los géneros Tenellia, Trinchesia, Phestilla, Catriona y la mayoría de las especies descritas y no descritas de Cuthona. Se proponen nuevos géneros Rubramoena, Abronica y Tergiposacca para agrupar otras especies. También sugiere que Fionidae es rico en complejos de especies crípticas, difíciles de separar por los caracteres taxonómicos tradicionales, y con una gran diversidad de especies no detectadas previamente.
Pocos meses después Korshunova et al. (2017) retoman el estudio de la filogenia de los Tergipedidae y utilizando no sólo datos moleculares sino también morfológicos y ontogenéticos realizan una crítica severa al trabajo de Cella et al. (2016), proponiendo reinstaurar las familias Calmidae, Eubranchidae, Fionidae, Tergipedidae, Cuthonidae, Cuthonellidae y Trinchesiidae, siendo esta última la más abundante en taxones específicos. También reinstauran los géneros Catriona, Diaphoreolis, Phestilla y Trinchesia que en el trabajo de Cella et al. (2016) habían sido incluidos dentro del género Tenellia. Korshunova et al. describen además un género nuevo, Zelentia que incluye a Z. pustulata (especie tipo Eolis pustulata Alder & Hancock, 1854), a Z. fulgens (MacFarland, 1966) y a una nueva especie del Mar de Barents, Z. ninel, indicando p-distances importantes entre las tres especies (entre 10.49% y 13.83%). Todos los géneros anteriores, Korshunova et al. (2017) los consideran dentro de la familia Trinchesiidae. También cuestionan la validez del género Rubramoena de Cella et al.
La posición de WoRMS es de tipo conservador, manteniendo las familias Cuthonidae, Calmidae, Cuthonellidae, Eubranchidae, Fionidae, Pseodovermidae, Tergipedidae y Trinchesiidae dentro de la superfamilia Fionoidea. Las especies europeas que, hasta hace poco, estaban consideradas como Cuthona, WoRMS las considera dentro del género Trinchesia, como T.albopunctata, T.caerulea, T.foliata, T.genovae, T.granosa, T.ilonae, T.miniostriata y T.ocellata. Rubramoena es también considerado un género válido en WoRMS. Estas opiniones son las que consideramos en OPK mientras no haya otros datos más concluyentes.

A pesar de que estudios recientes cuestionan la validez del género Rubramoena, mantenemos la propuesta de Cella et al. (2016) de clasificar las antiguas especies Cuthona amoena y Cuthona rubescens dentro de este género. Ambas especies son aparentemente similares, pero Picton & Brown (1978) señalaron diferencias externas principales en su descripción.

Sinónimos

• Cuthona rubescens Picton & Brown, 1978
• Eolis amoena Alder & Hancock. 1855
• Cratena amoena Walton, 1908

Descripción
Este nudibranquio es pequeño, alcanzando una longitud máxima de unos 18 mm, aunque los adultos suelen medir entre 12 y 15 mm. Su cuerpo es de color blanco translúcido, lo que hace que los ojos y las mandíbulas de color marrón oscuro sean visibles por transparencia. El dorso y los cerata están cubiertos de motas blanquecinas, que se concentran más cerca de las puntas y en las bases anteriores de los cerata. La glándula digestiva aparece verdosa dentro del cuerpo, mientras que en los cerata muestra varios tonos de verde oliva o marrón. Los cerata tienen forma de huso con puntas romas y están dispuestos en hasta 11 filas, cada una con un máximo de seis cerata por fila en cada lado. Por lo general, presentan una banda ancha e incompleta de color marrón rojizo o naranja cerca de la base, con manchas blancas dispersas que se concentran más en la zona distal donde se encuentra el cnidosaco. Los rinóforos son lisos y ligeramente más largos que los tentáculos orales y se estrechan hasta formar una punta roma. Son principalmente blancos en sus superficies posteriores, con una distintiva banda marrón rojiza oscura en el medio. Los tentáculos orales tienen una banda dorsal blanca continua (una característica visible incluso en los juveniles), y carecen de la banda marrón rojiza oscura que se observa en los rinóforos. El poro genital está ubicado anteriormente en el lado derecho del cuerpo, mientras que el ano está posicionado frente a los cerata más internos de la primera fila poscardíaca derecha. El pie está redondeado anteriormente con esquinas ligeramente angulares. La cola es corta y puntiaguda, aunque puede no extenderse más allá del último par de cerata.

Biología
Esta especie vive y se alimenta principalmente del hidrario Halecium halecinum. Por lo general, se encuentra en superficies rocosas en áreas semiprotegidas con algún movimiento de corriente. La puesta consiste en una cinta delgada enredada entre las ramas del hidrario. La mayoría de las observaciones registradas son de zonas submareales poco profundas, generalmente a profundidades de 10 a 30 metros, y es común observar individuos entre los 12 y los 15 metros. Una especie estrechamente relacionada, Rubramoena amoena, también se alimenta de H. halecinum.

Etimología

• Rubramoena. Se refiere a los nombres específicos de las dos especies del género: Rubramoena amoena (especie tipo) y Rubramoena rubescens.
• Rubescens. Rojizo en Latin.

Distribución
Rubramoena rubescens se encuentra alrededor de todas las Islas Británicas, desde las Orcadas en el norte hasta Cornualles en el suroeste, tanto en las costas este como oeste. Su área de distribución geográfica también se extiende a lo largo de las otras costas del Mar del Norte, incluidas Noruega, Dinamarca y los Países Bajos. También en el Mediterráneo occidental.

Otras fotos

Bibliografía

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Garcia, F. J., Bertsch, H. (2009). Diversity and distribution of the Gastropoda Opisthobranchia from the Atlantic Ocean: A global biogeographic approach. Scientia Marina, 73(1), 153-160. https://doi.org/10.3989/scimar.2009.73n1153
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Picton, B. (1981). Collections of nudibranch Mollusca from the Republic of Ireland made during 1981. Report to the Praeger Committee, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin, 5 unnumbered pp.
Picton, B. E., Brown, G. H. (1978). A new species of Cuthona from the British Isles. Journal of Conchology 29: 345-348.
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Thompson, T. E. (1988). Molluscs: benthic opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) keys and notes for the  identification of the species. (2nd ed.). Brill, E. J. & Backhuys, W.
Thompson, T. E., Brown, G. H. (1984). Biology of Opisthobranch Molluscs. Vol. 2. Ray Society, London 156, pp. 229:
Todd, C. D. (1981). The ecology of nudibranch molluscs. Oceanography & Marine Biology Annual Review 19:141-234.
Turk, S. M., Seaward, D. R. (1997). The marine fauna and flora of the Isles of Scilly - Mollusca. Journal  of Natural History 31(4):555-633.
Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

• Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland
• iNaturalist
• Scottish Nudibranchs
• Sea Slug Forum
• The Marine Flora & Fauna of Norway
• WoRMS

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