Rhodope veranii

Rhodope veranii Kölliker, 1847

Rhodope veranii 6mm @ Rovinj, Croatia 1985 por Maria Mizzarro-Wimmer

Nota taxonómica: Inicialmente, debido a su apariencia similar a un gusano, Rhodope veranii fue clasificado erróneamente como un turbelario. Con el tiempo, su clasificación ha sido debatida, pero ahora se lo reconoce como un gasterópodo dentro de la subclase Heterobranchia. La especie tipo del género Rhodope (Rhodope veranii) fue descrita inicialmente con una barra transversal de color rojo oscuro entre el primer y el segundo tercio de su cuerpo (Kölliker 1847). Sin embargo, estudios posteriores han observado una variación en la coloración de esta barra a través de los especímenes, que van desde el rojo ladrillo hasta los tonos anaranjados (Salvini-Plawen, 1991; Haszprunar y Heß, 2005; Wilson et al., 2017). Lo que sí parece ser el carácter diagnóstico de esta especie es la longitud de la barra transversal, que ocupa un tercio del cuerpo. Kölliker describió la forma de la mancha coloreada como una “T” conspícua, pero se ha observado cierta variabilidad en la uniformidad de la barra de color a lo largo del dorso, y algunos especímenes exhiben una forma transversal más uniforme (Wilson et al. 2017; Fernández-Simón et al., 2025).

Descripción
Tiene un cuerpo alargado, aplanado y con forma de gusano, que mide típicamente hasta 6 mm de largo cuando está completamente extendido. La región de la cabeza es ligeramente distinta y más estrecha en comparación con el resto del cuerpo. Cabe destacar que esta especie carece de varias características comunes a otros gasterópodos, como un pie, mandíbulas, rádula, branquias y corazón. Los ojos están profundamente incrustados en la región de la cabeza y el cuerpo contiene espículas alargadas y ligeramente curvadas que miden entre 70 y 170 μm de longitud. La coloración es generalmente amarillenta o blanca, adornada con una barra transversal de color rojo oscuro entre el primer y el segundo tercio de su cuerpo, que es característica de esta especie.

Biología
Se sabe que Rhodope veranii se alimenta de larvas de esponjas y exhibe movimientos lentos en comparación con los turbelarios. Se encuentra típicamente sobre algas, particularmente Ulva (Riedl, 1983), aunque los especímenes encontrados por Fernández-Simón et al. (2025) estaban asociados a Codium y ocasionalmente arrastrándose sobre granos de arena. Pone entre 6 y 30 huevos relativamente grandes que tienen un desarrollo directo. En la actualidad, las especies se distinguen por su patrón de color.

Especies similares
Mientras que el color principal (cuerpo blanco con patrón naranja) es común a varias especies de Rhodope, Rh.veranii se diferencia de todas las demás por su patrón naranja distintivo. Haszprunar y Heß (2005) presentaron una descripción general de todas las especies de Rhodope nombradas (y algunas sin nombrar), con un dibujo esquemático del patrón naranja para facilitar futuras identificaciones.

Etymology

• Rhodope. Del griego antiguo “Ῥοδόπη” ‎(Rhodópē), una de las 3,000 Oceánidas, ninfas de agua hijas de los Titanes Oceanus y su hermana-esposa Tethys.
• Veranii. En honor del Caballero Jean Baptiste Vérany, (1800-1865), farmacéutico francés, que en 1846 fue uno de los fundadores de un Museo de Historia Natural en Niza, Francia.

Distribución
Hasta la fecha sólo se encuentra en el mar Mediterráneo: Sicilia, Italia (localidad tipo, Kölliker 1847); Croacia (Salvini-Plawen 1991; Haszprunar y Heß 2005; Wilson et al. 2017), en el noreste de España (Fernández-Simón et al., 2025) y la última cita en el sur de España (Granada) en septiembre  de 2025.

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Bibliografía

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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

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