Berthellina edwardsii

Berthellina edwardsii (Vayssière, 1896)

Berthellina edwardsii por Enric Madrenas

Nota taxonómica: Esta especie ha sido tradicionalmente confundida con Berthella aurantiaca debido a que su morfología externa es muy similar, tanto, que es virtualmente imposible distinguirlas “de visu”. Para diferenciar estas especies debe recurrirse al estudio de la estructura mandibular y de los dientes radulares. La rádula de B. edwardsii tiene numerosos dientes denticulados (más de 150) en cada semihilera y las mandíbulas alargadas y con las piezas mandibulares lisas mientras que los dientes de la rádula de B. aurantiaca son mucho menos numerosos (de 50 a 80 por semihilera) y las mandíbulas más cortas y con las piezas mandibulares con dentículos a los lados. También pueden diferenciarse los ejemplares adultos por el tamaño de la concha interna, que en B.edwardsii nunca sobrepasa los 5.5mm (en ejemplares de hasta 60mm) puesto que deja de crecer cuando los animales sobrepasan los alrededor de 15mm de longitud (Jakov Prkić, com.pers.), mientras que en Berthella aurantiaca tiene un tamaño proporcionalmente mayor (Vayssière citó una concha de 15mm en un ejemplar de 30mm), ya que protege toda la masa visceral.

Sinónimos

• Berthella edwardsii Vayssière, 1896

Descripción
Esta especie puede alcanzar un tamaño de hasta 60 mm de longitud, aunque generalmente los ejemplares que se observan en el infralitoral superior suelen medir entre 20 y 30 mm de longitud. El cuerpo es característicamente muy abombado y su coloración es muy llamativa: naranja o amarillo anaranjado homogéneo. El manto cubre a todo el animal excepto los rinóforos, el velo cefálico y la parte posterior del pie, que sobresale ligeramente. El manto, aparentemente liso, cuando se observa a la lupa binocular puede verse que tiene diminutas protuberancias redondeadas que van formándose y deshaciéndose en el animal vivo y también numerosas estructuras redondeadas muy apretadas que corresponden a la salida de los conductos de las formaciones glandulares ácidas que caracterizan a la gran mayoría de las especies de los Pleurobrancomorfos. A través del tegumento del manto no se puede apreciar por transparencia la concha interna, como ocurre en otras especies del género Berthella; la concha es plana y auriculada y está cubierta por un fino periostraco membanoso. El velo cefálico es de forma troncocónica con la zona más ancha en posición anterior; ventralmente el velo cefálico está surcado lateralmente. Por encima del velo cefálico se aprecian los rinóforos, que son auriculados, salen juntos de su base y se dirigen algo oblicuamente en forma de V. Los rinóforos son del mismo color que el cuerpo, pueden retraerse debajo de la zona anterior del manto y cuando no están completamente extendidos pueden disponer de unos tenues pliegues transversales a lo largo de su superficie. Los ojos se pueden apreciar en la zona posterior externa de la base de los rinóforos. La branquia se encuentra situada a la derecha del cuerpo, entre el manto y el pie, es bipinnada y tiene alrededor de una veintena de  laminillas a cada lado del eje central; a la lupa binocular se aprecia que cada laminilla está asimismo finamente pinnulada. El orificio anal se encuentra justo por encima de la branquia. El pie es muy amplio y de contorno ovalado incluso en la cola que es redondeada; su color es amarillo algo más pálido y en el centro se puede apreciar generalmente una mancha de color pardo debido a las vísceras. A todo lo largo del borde del pie existe un surco que lo rodea completamente.

Biología
Estudiando la anatomía de los ejemplares que se pueden observar en el norte de la Costa Brava, bajo piedras desde la zona mediolitoral hasta 15-20 m de profundidad, se ha llegado a la conclusión que todos ellos pertenecen a B. edwardsii.  Debido a la confusión que ha habido con B. aurantiaca, escasos datos biológicos pueden asegurarse para B. edwardsii. Podría alimentarse de esponjas incrustantes como Corticium sp., Tethya aurantium, Aaptos aaptos y Hemimycale sp., especies que viven en la cara inferior de las piedras donde se encuentra el opistobranquio. La puesta consiste en una cinta plana de color claro enrollada en espiral y fijada al substrato por uno de sus lados, formando unas ondulaciones características.

Etimología

• Berthellina. Probablemente dedicada a Sabin Berthelot (1794-1880), un naturalista francés que se enroló en la Marina y participó en las guerras napoleónicas. Vivió parte de su vida en las Islas Canarias, desempeñando el cargo de cónsul francés en Tenerife. La abreviatura “Berth” se emplea para indicar a Sabin Berthelot como autoridad en la descripción y clasificación científica de los vegetales. Escribió la Historia Natural de Canarias y dirigió el Jardín Botánico del Puerto de la Cruz.
• Edwardsii. Dedicada a Henry Milne-Edwards (1800-1885), un zoólogo francés partidario de estudiar a los animales en su ambiente natural y no a partir de animales disecados.

Distribución
Debido a la confusión con B. aurantiaca, las citas de B. edwardsii deberían ser confirmadas. Cervera et al. (2004) concluyen, no obstante, que esta especie se localiza en todo el litoral ibérico, las Baleares, Canarias, Madeira, Azores y Cabo Verde. Citada como Berthella plúmula, B. engeli y B. citrina también en las costas de Francia, de Italia y de otras áreas mediterráneas. En las costas catalanas B. edwardsii es una especie frecuente en todo el litoral de la costa norte de la Costa Brava en lugares como la Cala Sant Antoni, Es Caials y en las islas Medes. El grupo VIMAR ha estudiado la anatomía de ejemplares de morfología aurantiaca/edwardsii que viven en el norte de la Costa Brava, bajo piedras desde la zona mediolitoral hasta 15-20 m de profundidad, y hasta el momento todos ellos pertenecen a B. edwardsii.

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Trainito, E., Doneddu, M. (2014). Nudibranchi del Mediterraneo (2nd.). Il Castello.
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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

• AsturNatura
• Biodiversity Heritage Library
• BiologiaMarina.org
• CIB - Club Immersio Biologia
• DORIS
• El Litoral de Granada
• Flickr pictures
• GROC
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• MedSlugs (Med)
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• Sea Slug Forum
• The SlugSite
• World Register of Marine Species

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