Bursatella leachii (de Blainville, 1817)
Bursatella leachii por Boris Weitzmann
Taxonomía | Superdomain | Biota |
| Kingdom | Animalia |
| Phylum | Mollusca |
| Class | Gastropoda |
| Subclass | Heterobranchia |
| Infraclass | Euthyneura |
| Subterclass | Tectipleura |
| Order | Aplysiida |
| Superfamily | Aplysioidea |
| Family | Aplysiidae |
| Genus | Bursatella |
| Species | Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817 |
| |
| Clasificación según Bouchet et al. (2017) Fuente taxonómica: World Register of Marine Species (AphiaID: 138759). |
Sinónimos
- Aclesia africana Engel, 1926
- Aclesia glauca Cheeseman, 1878
- Aclesia rosea Engel, 1926
- Aplysia bursatella Rang, 1834
- Bursatella lacinulata Gould, 1852
- Bursatella leachi [sic]
- Notarchus (Bursatella) leachii (Blainville, 1817)
- Notarchus intrapictus Cockerell, 1893
- Notarchus laciniatus Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830
Aunque Bursatella es un género monofilético que contiene solamente la especie Bursatella leachii, una amplia gama de colores y variaciones morfológicas ha llevado a diferentes autores a sugerir que la distribución global comprende varias subespecies distintas (Eales y Engel, 1935; Bebbington 1969):
- Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817
- Bursatella leachii guineensis Bebbington, 1969
- Bursatella leachii leachii Blainville, 1817
- Bursatella leachii pleii (Rang, 1828)
- Bursatella leachii savigniana Audouin, 1826
- Bursatella leachii africana (Engel, 1926) (=Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817)
- Bursatella leachii lacinulata Gould, 1852 (=Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817)
- Bursatella leachii rosea (Engel, 1926) (=Bursatella leachii Blainville, 1817)
Descripción
Tiene un tamaño máximo de 25 cm (J.Prkić, com.pers.), aunque lo habitual es que tengan una longitud de 8 a 10 cm. El color del cuerpo es variable y presenta dos patrones diferentes, uno oscuro de color marrón verdoso y otro claro, de color verde grisáceo o marrón blancuzco, generalmente salpicados con manchas oscuras de forma redondeada y que suelen tener una mancha, generalmente de color azul brillante, en el centro. La superficie del cuerpo está cubierta de unas vellosidades alargadas y desiguales que le dan su apariencia característica. El pie es ancho con el borde frontal separado en dos y la parte trasera redondeada. Los parápodos no le permiten nadar como a otras liebres de mar pues están soldados entre si, dejando únicamente una ranura abierta en el centro del dorso que da acceso a la cavidad paleal. Los adultos carecen de concha interna (Voss 1980, Kaplan 1988, Rupert y Fox 1988). En la cabeza tiene dos rinóforos (tentáculos olfativos) largos y retráctiles, así como dos tentáculos orales a ambos lados de la boca.
Biología
Prefiere aguas poco profundas y de baja hidrodinámica, por lo que es muy común en lagunas y puertos. En el Mediterráneo se encuentra en fondos blandos con algas como Caulerpa prolifera, Cymodocea nodosa y Zostera noltii, donde se alimenta de algas cianofíceas como Lyngbya majuscula que pueden formar gruesas capas en fondos de fango o recubriendo con una especie de película las mencionadas macro-algas. También pueden alimentarse de diatomeas y ocasionalmente macrófitos como Ectocarpus y Enteromorpha (Paige, 1988). La puesta consiste en un cordón de color variable, como naranja, marrón, amarillo o verde, formado por cápsulas que pueden contener entre 1 y 20 huevos de 87 micras de diámetro cada uno (Paige 1988). Después de eclosionar, las larvas pasan a formar parte del plancton. Las larvas probablemente solo se fijan al substrato en presencia de las algas cianofíceas de las que puedan alimentarse. Los juveniles alcanzan la madurez sexual a los 2-3 meses de edad (Paige 1988). Al menos en algunas zonas esta especie tiene reclutamiento continuo, sin una estación reproductiva claramente definida (Clarke 2004). Paige (1988) observó que el desarrollo embrionario era normal a temperaturas de entre 20 y 30ºC, pero que se detenía a 15°C. La aparición de Bursatella leachii en gran variedad de hábitats oceánicos y estuarinos sugiere que también tiene cierta tolerancia a las fluctuaciones de salinidad. No es muy sensible a la calidad del agua, por lo que es capaz de sobrevivir en ambientes muy contaminados. Los primeros ejemplares de Bursatella leachii en el Mar Menor (Levante, España) se detectaron en 2008; en 2010 y 2011 se produjo una gran explosión poblacional. Han sido reportadas densidades de hasta 660 individuos por metro cuadrado (Paige, 1988) que son probablemente atribuibles a situaciones en las que las condiciones ambientales son óptimas: buen suministro de larvas, alimentación abundante, así como mareas, corrientes y condiciones meteorológicas favorables (Rudman, Sea Slug Forum). También se conocen episodios de mortalidad masiva donde cientos de miles de ejemplares aparecen en la costa tras ser arrastrados por las olas, tormentas y mareas después de períodos de temperaturas extremas. En condiciones normales se cree que esta especie puede llegar a vivir un poco más de un año.
Se cree que es capaz de secuestrar metabolitos secundarios del alga de la que se alimenta p.e. lyngbyatoxina-a (Capper et al., 2005) con propiedades antimicrobianas o citotóxicas, que concentra en una serie de glándulas de su piel y que presuntamente utiliza para su propia protección. Puede descargar una pequeña nube de tinta púrpura si se la molesta (Paige 1988). Una proteína anti-VIH, la bursatellanina-P, se ha aislado de la secreción de tinta púrpura de la especie, aunque queda por ver si habrá alguna aplicación biomédica viable relacionada con este descubrimiento (Rajaganapathi et al., 2002; Ávila, 2006).
De costumbres básicamente diurnas, se ha observado que los individuos de una zona suelen concentrarse por la noche, dispersándose por la mañana para alimentarse durante el resto del día.
Etimología
- Bursatella. Derivada del Latín «bursa», bolsa; por la forma globosa del cuerpo.
- Leachii. En honor del Dr. William Elford Leach, (1791-1836), un zoólogo y naturalista inglés caracterizado por su «indomable entusiasmo y extraordinarias consecuciones».
Distribución
Su rango de distribución es circuntropical, habitando en todos los mares tropicales y templados (Lowe y Turner 1976) entre los paralelos 40ºN y los 40ºS. La primera cita en el Mediterráneo fue en Israel (O’Donoghue & White, 1940) y desde entonces se ha hallado en Turquía, Grecia, Italia y tan solo recientemente en la costa mediterránea de Francia (Cagnes sur Mer, Niza, por B. Riondy, 2014 en DORIS) y España, donde ha sido citado en Baleares (Mallorca; Oliver & Terrasa, 2004), Levante (Alicante y Águilas) y Cataluña. La primera observación en aguas catalanas (Weitzmann et al., 2007) tuvo lugar en el delta del Ebro, donde está bien establecida en praderas someras de Cymodocea nodosa y Caulerpa prolifera, y parece ser que ha ampliado su distribución hacia el norte, habiéndose detectado algún ejemplar en Vilanova i la Geltrú en 2011 y en Barcelona en 2012 (Weitzmann, com. pers.) y 2018 (Parera et al.2020; Pontes et al.2021). Detectados por primera vez en el Mediterráneo Oriental en 1940, se asumió que estos especímenes eran lessepsianos (originarios del Mar Rojo), sin embargo Bazzicalupo et al (2018) demostraron que eran de origen atlántico después de realizar estudios moleculares de ejemplares mediterráneos.
Abundancia
Mediterráneo occidental: | ★☆☆☆☆ |
Mediterráneo oriental: | ★★☆☆☆ |
Océano Atlántico: | ★☆☆☆☆ |
MesEsta gráfica muestra la probabilidad de observación mensual de Bursatella leachii basada en nuestros propios registros.
Videos
Otras fotos
Bursatella leachii by Luis Sánchez Tocino
Bursatella leachii con puesta by Ernesto Sestito
Bursatella leachii con puesta by Ernesto Sestito
Bursatella leachii Observed at S. Maria al Bagno, Lecce, Puglia, Italia (06/10/2011) by Cataldo Licchelli
Bursatella leachii by Alexander Semenov
Bursatella leachii @ Laguna Fusaro, Bacoli, Napoli
Bursatella leachii @ Laguna Fusaro, Bacoli, Napoli by Guido Villani
Bursatella leachii @ Laguna Fusaro, Bacoli, Napoli by Guido Villani
Bursatella leachii @ Delta de l’Ebre by Neus Sanmartí
Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas
Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas
Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas
Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas
Bursatella leachii by Enric Madrenas
Bibliografía
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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.
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Ballesteros, M., Madrenas, E. & Pontes, M. (2023) "Bursatella leachii" en OPK-Opistobranquis. Publicado: 15/05/2012. Accedido: 04/12/2023. Disponible en (https://opistobranquis.info/es/?p=369)
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