Berthella aurantiaca

Berthella aurantiaca (Risso, 1818)

Berthella aurantiaca por Enric Madrenas

Nota taxonómica: Esta especie ha sido tradicionalmente confundida con Berthellina edwardsii debido a que su morfología externa es muy similar, tanto, que es virtualmente imposible distinguirlas “de visu”. Para diferenciar estas especies debe recurrirse al estudio de la estructura mandibular y de los dientes radulares. La rádula de B. edwardsii tiene numerosos dientes denticulados (más de 150) en cada semihilera y las mandíbulas alargadas y con las piezas mandibulares lisas mientras que los dientes de la rádula de B. aurantiaca son mucho menos numerosos (de 50 a 80 por semihilera) y las mandíbulas más cortas y con las piezas mandibulares con dentículos a los lados. También pueden diferenciarse los ejemplares adultos por el tamaño de la concha interna, que en B.edwardsii nunca sobrepasa los 5.5mm (en ejemplares de hasta 60mm) puesto que deja de crecer cuando los animales sobrepasan los alrededor de 15mm de longitud (Jakov Prkić, com.pers.), mientras que en Berthella aurantiaca tiene un tamaño proporcionalmente mayor (Vayssière citó una concha de 15mm en un ejemplar de 30mm), ya que protege toda la masa visceral.

Sinónimos

• Pleurobranchus aurantiacus Risso, 1818 (original)
• Pleurobranchus elongatus Cantraine, 1835

Descripción
Los ejemplares de esta especie suelen medir alrededor de 20mm con una longitud máxima reportada de 30 mm. El color del cuerpo es anaranjado o rojizo. El cuerpo es abombado y el manto dorsal es relativamente pequeño y no cubre el pie. En el animal vivo el tegumento dorsal es hialino y en su interior hay espículas calcáreas estrelladas, con 3-5 prolongaciones, que tienen misión de soporte del tejido. El velo bucal está muy desarrollado cuando el animal está deambulando y tiene contorno trapezoidal. Los rinóforos son tubulares y abiertos en su zona externa, en su zona interior existen pliegues transversales que corresponden a las áreas olfativas del rinóforo. La branquia está situada bajo el borde derecho del manto, es bipinnada y posee entre 15 y 18 laminillas a ambos lados de su eje central. El color de la branquia es algo más claro que el resto del cuerpo. La concha es interna y auriculiforme y está bastante desarrollada, ocupando aproximadamente algo más de la mitad de la longitud total del animal; la superficie dorsal de la concha tiene estrías de crecimiento más o menos marcadas. El pie es muy ancho, sobresaliendo de los bordes del manto por delante, por los lados y por la parte posterior del animal. Lacaze-Duthiers (1859) describe la anatomía y fisiología de esta especie.

Biología
Berthella aurantiaca se ha citado viviendo bajo piedras a escasa profundidad (Vayssière, 1898), en pradera de Posidonia oceanica (Cattaneo-Vietti, 1986) o en fondos de arena o fango donde faenan barcos arrastreros comerciales (Ros, 1975). Hasta hace poco, ha sido repetidamente confundida y citada como  Berthellina edwardsii por lo similar de la coloración y morfología de ambas especies. Un resumen de la discusión sobre la identificación de aurantiaca/edwardsii puede verse en Sea Slug Forum. Únicamente estudiando la anatomía interna y analizando la estructura mandibular y de los dientes radulares, entre otros detalles, puede afirmarse la pertenencia a una u otra especie. El grupo VIMAR ha estudiado la anatomía de los ejemplares de morfología aurantiaca/edwardsii que se pueden observar en el norte de la Costa Brava, bajo piedras desde la zona mediolitoral hasta 15-20 m de profundidad y, hasta el momento, todos los ejemplares pertenecen a B. edwardsii .

Etimología

• Berthella. Probablemente dedicada a Sabin Berthelot (1794-1880), un naturalista francés que se enroló en la Marina y participó en las guerras napoleónicas. Vivió parte de su vida en las Islas Canarias, desempeñando el cargo de cónsul francés en Tenerife. Escribió la Historia Natural de Canarias y dirigió el Jardín Botánico del Puerto de la Cruz.
• Aurantiaca. Del Latín “aurantiacus” que significa “de color de oro”.

Distribución
Debido a la similitud morfológica y de coloración de Berthella aurantiaca con B. edwardsii , las citas de ambas especies deberían ser confirmadas mediante estudios anatómicos. Muchas de las citas europeas referidas a B. aurantiaca se refieren realmente a B. edwardsii (Cervera et al. (2004); estos autores indican, no obstante, que B. aurantiaca se encuentra en casi todo el litoral ibérico (Cantábrico, zona del Estrecho de Gibraltar y todo el litoral mediterráneo), las Baleares y las Azores. B. aurantiaca no está citada en el Adriatic, mientras que B. edwardsii es muy común (Jakov Prkić, com.pers.). El grupo VIMAR ha estudiado la anatomía de ejemplares de morfología aurantiaca/edwardsii que viven en el norte de la Costa Brava, bajo piedras desde la zona mediolitoral hasta 15-20 m de profundidad, y hasta el momento todos ellos pertenecen a B. edwardsii . En las costas catalanas B. aurantiaca ha sido citada con seguridad en Es Caials (Cadaqués), el litoral de las Islas Medas y Blanes.

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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

• Biodiversity Heritage Library
• El Litoral de Granada
• Flickr pictures
• GROC
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• M@re Nostrum
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• World Register of Marine Species

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