Oxynoe viridis

Oxynoe viridis (Pease, 1861)

Oxynoe viridis por Murat Draman –  www.thedivingguidekas.com
Fotografiada en septiembre 2009 en Kaş, Antalya (Turquia), a 25m sobre Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii

• Lophocercus viridis Pease, 1861
• Oxynoe delicatula G. Nevill & H. Nevill, 1869

Nota Taxonòmica
Esta especie fue descrita originalmente por Pease en 1861 bajo el nombre Lophocercus viridis, a partir de ejemplares vivos recolectados en aguas someras entre algas en Huaheine, parte del archipiélago de Tahití en la Polinesia Francesa. Posteriormente, la especie fue transferida al género Oxynoe, y un segundo nombre, Oxynoe delicatula (Nevill & Nevill, 1869), fue más tarde sinonimizado con él.

Descripción
Cuerpo de forma ovalada y alargada, con una región dorsal elevada y lóbulos parapodiales que permanecen separados a lo largo de la línea media. El cuerpo suele ser de color verde, con tonalidades que varían desde el amarillo verdoso hasta el verde oliva, y presenta una considerable variación intraespecífica. Los ejemplares pueden mostrar distintos patrones de pigmentación, incluyendo grandes ocelos azules dispersos rodeados de amarillo o negro, pequeñas manchas marrones o verdes, o protuberancias blancas en la superficie. En algunos individuos, los márgenes de los parapodios presentan bandas gruesas de color blanco o amarillo, a menudo interrumpidas, que pueden estar cubiertas por un reticulado azul o púrpura. Una línea reticulada amarilla también puede extenderse desde los rinóforos hacia el margen anterior de la concha, o bien terminar en la base de los rinóforos. Los rinóforos son lisos, del mismo color que la cabeza o con manchas o estrías de color azul a púrpura. La cabeza es lisa y tiene dos rinóforos truncados y acanalados. En algunos morfotipos, los lóbulos orales pueden estar marcados con manchas azules o púrpuras. Los parapodios son muy variables: en algunos ejemplares son lisos, mientras que en otros presentan protuberancias bajas dispersas o numerosas papilas alargadas, especialmente a lo largo de los márgenes parapodiales, lo que les da un aspecto peludo. Dichas papilas suelen ser de color amarillo pálido o blanco. La cola es estrecha, con más del doble de la longitud de la concha, y se afina gradualmente hasta una punta redondeada, continúa el color y el patrón de los parapodios y puede presentar una línea media dorsal y bandas laterales compuestas por líneas amarillas salpicadas de puntos azules. Como en otros Oxynoidae, Oxynoe viridis posee una concha frágil y translúcida, en gran parte oculta bajo los parapodios salvo en el margen anterior. La concha es delgada, blanca, con finas estrías oblicuas, ligeramente convoluta y con el lado izquierdo inflado. El tejido del manto interno, visible a través de la concha, es de color marrón dorado y suele presentar grandes manchas blancas y ocelos ocasionales rodeados de amarillo o azul. La abertura es amplia y abierta, con el labio externo posterior truncado y el labio interno ligeramente calloso.

Biología
Se encuentra típicamente en ambientes marinos someros (0–10 m de profundidad), viviendo entre densas praderas de algas del género Caulerpa, donde se alimenta y su coloración le proporciona un excelente camuflaje. Observaciones de campo y de laboratorio confirman que se alimenta de diversas especies, incluyendo C. racemosa, C. scalpelliformis, C. serrulata, C. cupressoides y otros taxones relacionados. El comportamiento alimentario implica el uso coordinado de dos apéndices orales en forma de lóbulos para sujetar los filamentos algales, que son posteriormente perforados por la rádula para extraer su contenido citoplasmático, sin regurgitación. Una vez vaciado, el filamento es liberado. El comportamiento reproductivo incluye cópula recíproca, tal como fue descrita por Jensen (1999). La especie deposita cintas de huevos aplanadas y en espiral de color amarillo, compuestas por 2–3 vueltas, que se colocan sobre la superficie del alga hospedadora. El desarrollo larvario es planctotrófico, con un embrión por cápsula y sin vitelo extracapsular. En condiciones de laboratorio, las larvas eclosionaron entre los 4 y 7 días a 22 °C, con longitudes de concha al eclosionar que oscilaron entre aproximadamente 112–119 µm. Estos rasgos de desarrollo sugieren una alta capacidad de dispersión, lo que se correlaciona con la amplia distribución biogeográfica de la especie, favorecida además por su tolerancia ecológica a un amplio rango de temperaturas, entre aproximadamente 12,8 °C y 29,2 °C. Esta especie presenta varias adaptaciones antipredatorias eficaces. Cuando se ve amenazada, segrega un moco blanco, opaco y pegajoso, que probablemente tiene propiedades disuasorias de naturaleza química. Además, en situaciones extremas, los individuos pueden autotomizar su cola muscular, la cual continúa moviéndose tras desprenderse. Este mecanismo actúa como distracción para los depredadores, tras lo cual la cola es regenerada.

Etimología

• Viridis. Del Latín “viridis”, verde.

Distribución
Su zona de distribución nativa abarca regiones tropicales y subtropicales del Indo-Pacífico occidental. Las localidades confirmadas incluyen Sudáfrica, Sri Lanka, la Polinesia Francesa (incluyendo Mo’orea y la localidad tipo de Huaheine), Japón (Okinawa), Guam, Filipinas, el este de Australia (Nueva Gales del Sur y Queensland) y Nueva Zelanda. Más recientemente ha sido citada en el mar Rojo y también en el Mediterráneo oriental, especialmente en la costa de Turquía (región de Kaş), pero también en la isla de Dugi Otok (Božava, Croacia). Estas últimas apariciones mediterráneas se consideran introducciones no autóctonas, muy probablemente a través de la migración lessepsiana por el canal de Suez.

Citas georeferenciadas conocidas de la especie: Oxynoe viridis

Fonts:
OBIS GROC 2010-2011 Enric Madrenas João Pedro Silva Bernard Picton GBIF	OPK VIMAR Manuel Ballesteros M@re Nostrum Altres fonts Marine Regions

Otras fotos

Oxynoe viridis by Murat Draman – www.thedivingguidekas.com @ 20090900 Kas, Antalya, Turquia, 25m on Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii

Oxynoe viridis by Murat Draman – www.thedivingguidekas.com @ 20090900 Kas, Antalya, Turquia, 25m on Caulerpa racemosa var. lamourouxii

Oxynoe viridis by Sonja Ooms

Oxynoe viridis @ Bali by Arya Widhi

Oxynoe viridis @ Bali by Arya Widhi

1246567 Oxynoe viridis 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 14576 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

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