Catriona aurantia

Catriona aurantia (Alder & Hancock, 1842)

Catriona aurantia per Klas Malmberg

Nota taxonòmica: Les anàlisis filogenètiques realitzades per Cella et al. (2016) van revelar que la família Tergipedidae tradicional és polifilètica i pertany a un clade monofilètic més gran que inclou membres de les famílies tradicionals Eubranchidae, Fionidae i Calmidae; aquest va ser un resultat inesperat, ja que la validesa d´aquests taxons i la seva distinció dels Tergipedidae mai havia estat qüestionada abans. Es proposa unir les famílies Tergipedidae, Eubranchidae, Calmidae i Fionidae sota el nom de Fionidae. Dins Fionidae, els resultats obtinguts van demostrar la necessitat de desenvolupar una nova classificació, ja que les classificacions anteriors (per exemple, separant Catriona, Cuthona i Trinchesia com a taxons diferents) eren inconsistents amb la filogènia resultant. Aquests anàlisis també recuperen un clade (Tenellia) que inclou a tots els membres dels gèneres Tenellia, Trinchesia, Phestilla, Catriona i la majoria de les espècies descrites i no descrites de Cuthona. Es proposen nous gèneresRubramoena, Abronica i Tergiposacca per agrupar altres espècies. També suggereixen que Fionidae és ric en complexos d´espècies críptiques, difícils de separar pels caràcters taxonòmics tradicionals, i amb una gran diversitat d´espècies no detectades prèviament.
Pocs mesos després Korshunova et al. (2017) reprenen l´estudi de la filogènia dels Tergipedidae i utilitzant no només dades moleculars sinó també morfològiques i ontogenètiques realitzen una crítica severa al treball de Cella et al. (2016), proposant reinstaurar les famílies Calmidae, Eubranchidae, Fionidae, Tergipedidae, Cuthonidae, Cuthonellidae i Trinchesiidae, essent aquesta última la més abundant en taxons específics. També reinstauren els gèneres Catriona, Diaphoreolis, Phestilla i Trinchesia que en el treball de Cella et al. (2016) havien estat inclosos dins del gènere Tenellia. Korshunova et al. descriuen a més un gènere nou, Zelentia que inclou a Z. pustulata (espècie tipus Eolis pustulata Alder & Hancock, 1854), a Z. fulgens (MacFarland, 1966) i una nova espècie del mar de Barents, Z. Ninel, indicant p-distances importants entre les tres espècies (entre 10.49% i 13.83%). Tots els gèneres anteriors, Korshunova et al. (2017) els consideren dins de la família Trinchesiidae. També qüestionen la validesa del gènere Rubramoena de Cella et al.
La posició de WoRMS és de tipus conservador, mantenint les famílies Cuthonidae, Calmidae, Cuthonellidae, Eubranchidae, Fionidae, Pseodovermidae, Tergipedidae i Trinchesiidae dins de la superfamília Fionoidea. Les espècies europees que fins fa poc estaven considerades com Cuthona, WoRMS les considera dins del gènereTrinchesia, com T.albopunctata, T.caerulea, T.foliata, T.genovae, T.granosa, T.ilonae, T.miniostriata i T.ocellata. Rubramoena és també considerat un gènere vàlid a WoRMS. Aquestes opinions són les que considerem a OPK mentre no hi hagi altres dades més concloents.

Schmekel & Portmann (1982) i Thompson & Brown (1984) van classificar erròniament Catriona aurantia com a sinònim de Catriona gymnota (Couthouy, 1838), espècie que habita l’Atlàntic nord-occidental des de Cape Cod fins a Terranova. Altres autors van repetir posteriorment aquest error. La seqüenciació molecular ha demostrat que es tracta d’espècies distintes i clarament separades (Korshunova et al., 2017).

Sinònims

• Eolis aurantia Alder & Hancock, 1842
• Eolis aurantiaca Alder & Hancock, 1851
• Cuthona aurantia (Alder & Hancock, 1842)
• Trinchesia aurantia (Alder & Hancock, 1842)

Descripció
Aquesta espècie pot assolir fins a 22 mm de llargada. El cos és blanc translúcid, de vegades amb tons ataronjats o rosats, sense marques superficials. Els òrgans interns poden ser visibles per transparència. Els cerates són translúcids, disposats en fins a dotze files transversals a cada costat del cos, amb fins a set cerates per fila. Són més inflats que en altres espècies de la família i sovint cobreixen els laterals i bona part del dors. La glàndula digestiva interna és visible per transparència i pot presentar tonalitats roses, marró ataronjat, marró oliva o marró granat. El terç distal de cada cerata presenta una banda blanca ampla, sovint tenyida de taronja pàl·lid a l’àpex en exemplars adults. L’extrem del cerata pot ser blanc translúcid, tot i que el cnidosac és difícilment visible. Quan estan ben alimentats, els cerates són robustos i més amples a la meitat superior; en canvi, quan no s’han alimentat durant un temps, esdevenen més prims i lineals. Els rinòfors són llisos, de color marró ataronjat translúcid i sense pigmentació superficial. Els ulls són petits, negres i interns, visibles darrere la base de cada rinòfor. Els tentacles orals són blancs translúcids, sense pigmentació superficial. El peu és ample i arrodonit anteriorment, sense tentacles propodials, i s’estreny en una punta posterior. L’obertura genital es troba sota la primera fila de cerates, al costat dret del cos.

Biologia
Es troba habitualment en zones poc profundes i exposades amb fort moviment d’aigua. S’alimenta d’hidrozous del gènere Tubularia, especialment Tubularia larynx. Els exemplars solen aparèixer entre els tiges de Tubularia i es pensa que s’alimenten perforant els tiges en lloc de consumir els pòlips (Picton & Morrow, 2016). La posta té forma de ronyó, és incolora i transparent, i es col·loca a la base de l’organisme del qual s’alimenta. Les larves velígeres viuen al plàncton fins a deu dies abans de patir una metamorfosi i transformar-se en adults. Es poden observar al llarg de tot l’any, amb diverses generacions anuals (Miller, 1962).

Etimologia

• Catriona. Forma escocesa i irlandesa de Katherine, que deriva del grec “katharos”, que significa “pura”. Evelyn Marcus, una malacòloga brasilera de renom (nascuda a Alemanya), sovint utilitzava noms amb inspiració literària o cultural en la taxonomia. Tot i que no sempre explicava els noms que creava, sovint tenien un significat personal, estètic o lingüístic.
• Aurantia, del Llatí “aurantiacus”, de color daurat.

Distribució
Des de Noruega fins a Bretanya i al voltant de les Illes Britàniques, i cap al sud fins a la badia de Biscaia. També s’ha trobat a Galícia, Espanya (Trigo et al., 2018, com a C. gymnota). Schmekel i Portmann (1982) la descriuen (com a C. gymnota) al Mediterrani occidental, però probablement es referien a una altra espècie, com Trinchesia sp.2 a Prkić et al. (2018). Sembla ser escassa o inexistent al sud de la península Ibèrica i al Mediterrani.

Altres fotos

Bibliografia

1246567 Catriona aurantia 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 15798 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

Més informació

• AsturNatura
• Biodiversity Heritage Library
• BiologiaMarina.org
• DORIS
• Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland
• European Sea Slugs by Morddyn
• Flickr pictures
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• Scottish Nudibranchs
• The Conchological Society of Great Britain and Ireland
• World Register of Marine Species

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