Els Euthecosomata són un grup de mol·luscs gasteròpodes heterobranquis marins que formen part dels pteròpodes, coneguts habitualment com a papallones de mar. Estan adaptats a la vida a la columna d’aigua i destaquen per les seves conquilles petites, sovint transparents, i per les expansions del peu en forma d’ales, anomenades parapodis, que utilitzen per nedar. El seu nom fa referència a la seva pertinença als pteròpodes tecosomats, un grup tradicionalment caracteritzat per la presència d’una conquilla. A diferència de la majoria dels gasteròpodes, que s’arrosseguen pel fons marí, els eutecosomats viuen suspesos a l’aigua i formen part de les comunitats planctòniques oceàniques.
Styliola subula, un Euthecosomata
Els Euthecosomata es troben en ambients marins de tots els oceans del món, des de les aigües tropicals i subtropicals fins a les regions polars. Moltes espècies habiten a mar obert, on poden ser abundants en les mostres de plàncton. La seva distribució depèn de factors com la temperatura de l’aigua, els corrents oceànics, la disponibilitat d’aliment i la profunditat. Algunes espècies romanen principalment a les aigües superficials, mentre que d’altres fan migracions verticals diàries, apropant-se a la superfície durant la nit i descendint cap a aigües més profundes durant el dia. Malgrat la seva mida reduïda, poden aparèixer en grans quantitats i contribuir significativament a la biomassa planctònica d’alguns ecosistemes marins.
Una de les característiques més distintives del grup és la seva conquilla delicada, que presenta formes diverses segons l’espècie i pot ser enrotllada, cònica o globosa. Generalment està composta d’aragonita, una forma cristal·lina de carbonat de calci. El cos sol ser translúcid, i els parapodis s’estenen des dels costats del peu per formar dues estructures semblants a ales. Els seus moviments rítmics impulsen l’animal a través de l’aigua i li donen l’aspecte característic d’una petita papallona que neda al mar. Altres trets anatòmics, com ara la forma de la conquilla, la ràdula i les parts toves del cos, són importants per distingir les diferents espècies.
La majoria dels eutecosomats s’alimenten per filtració. Moltes espècies produeixen una xarxa mucosa que captura petites partícules suspeses a l’aigua, incloent-hi el fitoplàncton i altres materials orgànics. Aquesta xarxa s’ingereix periòdicament, fet que permet als animals aprofitar els abundants recursos alimentaris microscòpics del medi pelàgic. Mitjançant la seva activitat alimentària, els eutecosomats participen en les xarxes tròfiques marines i contribueixen a transferir matèria orgànica i energia des del plàncton microscòpic fins a organismes més grans. També constitueixen una font important d’aliment per a diversos depredadors, inclosos peixos i altres animals pelàgics.
Els Euthecosomata tenen una importància especial en l’estudi de l’acidificació oceànica. Com que les seves conquilles estan formades principalment per aragonita, són vulnerables als canvis en la química dels carbonats de l’aigua de mar. Quan l’oceà absorbeix diòxid de carboni de l’atmosfera, el pH disminueix i pot reduir-se la disponibilitat d’ions carbonat, fet que dificulta la formació de la conquilla i n’incrementa el risc de dissolució en determinades condicions. Els efectes varien segons l’espècie i l’ambient, però els canvis en l’abundància, la distribució o l’estat d’aquests organismes poden tenir conseqüències més àmplies per a les xarxes tròfiques marines i els cicles biogeoquímics.
Les investigacions que combinen evidències morfològiques i moleculars han millorat el coneixement de la diversitat i les relacions evolutives dels Euthecosomata. Tot i que tradicionalment s’han considerat un grup taxonòmic diferenciat dins dels pteròpodes, la seva classificació i les seves relacions de parentiu continuen revisant-se mitjançant estudis filogenètics. Les seves estructures especialitzades per nedar, els mecanismes d’alimentació i les delicades conquilles calcàries il·lustren les adaptacions que han permès als gasteròpodes prosperar a mar obert. Petits i sovint ignorats, els eutecosomats són components importants de la biodiversitat marina i organismes valuosos per investigar els efectes dels canvis ambientals sobre els ecosistemes pelàgics.
La taxonomia actual dels Euthecosomata publicada a WoRMS és:
Algunes espècies d’Eutecosomata citades a la Mediterrània o a la Península Ibèrica:
Bibliografia
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Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia, 47(1-2), 1-397.
Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., Nützel, A., Parkhaev, P. et al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia, 61(1-2), 1-526.
Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.
Styliola subula, un Euthecosomata
