Home Guia d’Opistobranquis Pteropoda Euthecosomata

Euthecosomata

Els euthecosomata són opistobranquis pelàgics, nedadors i holoplanctònics que passen tota la seva vida en fase planctònica. El seu nom es refereix al fet que tenen el cos protegit per una conquilla calcificada o theca (caixa en grec). Com una adaptació a la vida pelàgica, els euthecosomata tenen unes expansions del peu que els permeten usar-les com aletes de natació. Per aquesta raó, reben comunament el nom de papallones marines.

La conquilla calcificada podria ser espiralada com en les espècies del gènere Limacina o amb forma de tub cònic o piramidal, com en les espècies dels gèneres Cavolinia i Clio, però la conquilla Ă©s sempre frĂ gil, de baixa consistència, per reduir el pes de l’animal i facilitar la seva suspensiĂł en aigua. TambĂ© poden tenir un opercle corni, generalment amb espines, utilitzat per tancar completament i protegir a l’animal dins de la conquilla.

Styliola subula, un Euthecosomata

 

El cap dels euthecosomata tĂ© un parell de tentacles amb finalitats olfactives anomenats rinòfors. La cavitat palial estĂ  ben desenvolupada en aquest grup, però generalment no tenen una brĂ nquia, sinĂł que respiren a travĂ©s de l’epiteli del mantell. La radula tĂ© entre 3 i 5 dents per fila i el tracte digestiu tĂ© una mena de plaques masticadores per moldre els aliments ingerits.

Biologia

Els euthecosomata sĂłn grans nedadors i s’ha calculat que poden nedar a una velocitat de fins a 45 cm per segon. Les migracions verticals diĂ ries sĂłn comuns en la majoria de les espècies de euthecosomata. Algunes espècies epipelĂ giques com Clio pyramidata realitzen migracions verticals diĂ ries a la columna d’aigua de fins a 1.000 m, per la qual cosa durant el dia viuen aproximadament a aquesta profunditat, mentre que cada nit pugen a nivells mĂ©s superficials per alimentar-se. En altres espècies s’ha observat que, encara que els adults es troben en aigĂĽes profundes, els juvenils tendeixen a viure en aigĂĽes poc profundes.

Els euthecosomata sĂłn micrĂłfags que s’alimenten de plĂ ncton microscòpic (dinoflagel·lats, diatomees, radiolaris, foraminĂ­fers, etc.) que es dirigeixen a la boca amb les aletes natatòries i l’epiteli ciliat. L’aliment consisteix en fitoplĂ ncton que Ă©s retingut per la mucositat, formant un cordĂł que s’introdueix a la boca.

Els euthecosomata sĂłn hermafrodites i quan dos individus es troben tots dos es fecunden mĂştuament. DesprĂ©s de la fertilitzaciĂł, els ous s’alliberen a l’aigua dins d’una substĂ ncia gelatinosa o mucosa. Les cĂ psules ovĂ­geres poden produir, a l’eclosionar, larves veligeres amb o sense conquilla. L’etapa larval pot durar de 45 a 90 dies i els adults viuen entre 1 i 2 anys.

L’acidificaciĂł progressiva de les aigĂĽes marines com a resultat de l’augment dels nivells atmosfèrics de CO2 afecta molt negativament la taxa de supervivència dels eutecosomats (no poden desenvolupar una conquilla adequada) i hi ha la teoria que, per aquesta raĂł, els mars del sud aviat seran inhabitables per a aquestes espècies de testacis si la tendència actual continua.

DistribuciĂł
Els euthecosomata, com moltes altres espècies de plancton marĂ­, solen tenir una Ă mplia distribuciĂł geogrĂ fica que depèn en gran mesura dels corrents oceĂ nics. Es poden trobar des d’aigĂĽes polars fins a mars tropicals però hi ha canvis freqĂĽents de grandĂ ria i morfologia de moltes espècies, relacionats amb la seva ubicaciĂł geogrĂ fica, la qual cosa ha donat lloc a considerar moltes formes o subespècies. Els euthecosomata de la costa catalana es citen principalment a partir de conquilles buides varades a les platges desprĂ©s de les tempestes o son recollits ocasionalment per vaixells comercials d’arrossegament.

ClassificaciĂł
Es coneixen bastants espècies de euthecosomata a nivell mundial. Es classifiquen principalment per la forma de les conquilles, mentre que altres trets com la forma de les aletes, el mantell o els apèndixs orals són secundaris.

La taxonomia actual dels Euthecosomata proposada per Bouchet et al. (2017) i publicat a WoRMS Ă©s:

Euthecosomata Meisenheimer, 1905

  • Cavolinioidea J. E. Gray, 1850 (1815)
    • Cavoliniidae J. E. Gray, 1850 (1815)
      • Cavoliniinae J. E. Gray, 1850 (1815)
        • Cavolinia Abildgaard, 1791
        • Diacavolinia van der Spoel, 1987
      • Diacriinae Rampal, 2019
        • Diacria J. E. Gray, 1840
        • Telodiacria Rampal, 2019
      • Vaginellinae A. W. Janssen, 2020
    • Cliidae Jeffreys, 1869
      • Clio Linnaeus, 1767
    • Creseidae Rampal, 1973
      • Boasia Dall, 1889
      • Creseis Rang, 1828
      • Styliola Gray, 1847
    • Cuvierinidae van der Spoel, 1967
      • Cuvierina Boas, 1886
    • Hyalocylidae A. W. Janssen, 2020
      • Hyalocylis Fol, 1875
  • Limacinoidea Gray, 1840
    • Heliconoididae Rampal, 2019
      • Heliconoides A. d’Orbigny, 1835
    • Limacinidae Gray, 1840
      • Limacina Bosc, 1817
    • Thieleidae Rampal, 2019
      • Thielea Strebel, 1908

Algunes espècies d’Eutecosomata citades a la MediterrĂ nia o a la PenĂ­nsula Ibèrica:

Bibliografia

    1246567 Euthecosomata 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 2503 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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    Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia, 47(1-2), 1-397.
    Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., Nützel, A., Parkhaev, P. et al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia, 61(1-2), 1-526.

    Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.