Rubramoena rubescens

Rubramoena rubescens (Picton & Brown, 1978)

Rubramoena rubescens by Bernard Picton

Taxonomic note: The phylogenetic analyses performed by Cella et al. (2016) revealed that the traditional Tergipedidae family is polyphyletic and belongs to a larger monophyletic clade including members of the traditional families Eubranchidae, Fionidae and Calmidae; this was an unexpected result, since the validity of these taxa and their distinctness from the Tergipedidae was never questioned before. They proposed to join the families Tergipedidae, Eubranchidae, Calmidae and Fionidae under the name of Fionidae. Within Fionidae, obtained results demonstrated the need of developing a new classification as previous classifications (for instance, separating Catriona, Cuthona and Trinchesia as distinct taxa) were inconsistent with the resulting phylogeny. Analyses also recover a clade (Tenellia) that includes all members of the genera Tenellia, Trinchesia, Phestilla, Catriona and the majority of described and undescribed Cuthona species. New genera Rubramoena, Abronica and Tergiposacca are proposed to group other species. This molecular study also suggests that Fionidae is rich in cryptic species complexes, difficult to separate by traditional taxonomic characters, and a great previously undetected species diversity.
A few months later Korshunova et al. (2017) take up the study of the phylogeny of the Tergipedidae and using not only molecular data but also morphological and ontogenetic data they severely criticise the work by Cella et al. (2016), proposing to reinstate the families Calmidae, Eubranchidae, Fionidae, Tergipedidae, Cuthonidae, Cuthonellidae and Trinchesiidae, the latter being the most abundant in specific taxa. They also reinstate the genera Catriona, Diaphoreolis, Phestilla and Trinchesia that in the paper by Cella et al. (2016) had been included in the genus Tenellia. Korshunova et al. also describe a new genus, Zelentia that includes Z. pustulata (type species Eolis pustulataAlder & Hancock, 1854), Z. fulgens (MacFarland, 1966) and a new species from the Barents Sea, Z. ninel, indicating important p-distances among the three species (between 10.49% and 13.83%). All previous genera, Korshunova et al. (2017) consider them within the family Trinchesiidae. They also question the validity of the Rubramoena genus of Cella et al.
The position of WoRMS is conservative, maintaining the families Cuthonidae, Calmidae, Cuthonellidae, Eubranchidae, Fionidae, Pseudovermidae, Tergipedidae and Trinchesiidae within the superfamily Fionoidea. The European species that, until recently, were considered as Cuthona, WoRMS considers them within the genus Trinchesia, as T.albopunctata, T.caerulea, T.foliata, T.genovae, T.granosa, T.ilonae, T.miniostriata and T.ocellata. Rubramoena is also considered a valid genus in WoRMS. These opinions are those that we accept in OPK while no other more conclusive data are available.

Despite recent studies question the validity of genus Rubramoena, we keep Cella et al. (2016) proposal to classify former species Cuthona amoena and Cuthona rubescens within this genus. Both species are apparently similar, but Picton & Brown (1978) stated main external differences in their description.

Synonyms

• Cuthona rubescens Picton & Brown, 1978
• Eolis amoena Alder & Hancock. 1855
• Cratena amoena Walton, 1908

Description
This nudibranch is small, reaching a maximum length of about 18 mm, though adults typically range between 12 and 15 mm. Its body is translucent white, making the eyes and dark brown mandibles visible by transparency. The dorsum and cerata are dusted with whitish specks, which are more concentrated near the tips and at the anterior bases of the cerata. The digestive gland appears greenish within the body, while in the cerata it displays various shades of olive green or brown. The cerata are spindle-shaped with blunt tips and are arranged in up to 11 rows, each containing a maximum of six cerata per row on each side. They typically feature a broad, incomplete reddish-brown or orange band near the base, with scattered white blotches that become more concentrated over the distal cnidosac area. The smooth rhinophores are slightly longer than the oral tentacles and taper to a blunt tip. They are mostly white on their posterior surfaces, with a distinct dark reddish-brown band in the middle. In contrast, the oral tentacles have a continuous white dorsal band, a characteristic visible even in juveniles, and lack the dark reddish-brown band seen on the rhinophores. The genital pore is located anteriorly on the right side of the body, while the anus is positioned in front of the innermost cerata of the first right post-cardiac row. The foot is rounded anteriorly with slightly angular corners. The tail is short and bluntly pointed, though it may not extend beyond the last pair of cerata.

Biology
This species primarily lives and feeds on the hydroid Halecium halecinum. It is usually found on rock surfaces in semi-sheltered areas with some tidal stream movement. The spawn consists of a thin ribbon tangled among the hydroid’s branches. Most recorded sightings are from shallow subtidal zones, typically at depths of 10–30 meters, with individuals commonly observed between 12 and 15 meters. A closely related species, Rubramoena amoena, also feeds on H. halecinum.

Etymology

• Rubramoena. Refers to the specific names of the two species of the genus: Rubramoena amoena (type species) and Rubramoena rubescens.
• Rubescens. Reddish in Latin.

Distribution
Rubramoena rubescens is found throughout the British Isles, from Orkney in the north to Cornwall in the southwest, occurring on both the east and west coasts. Its geographic range also extends along the other coasts of the North Sea, including Norway, Denmark, and the Netherlands. Also in the western Mediterranean.

More pictures

Bibliography

1246567 Rubramoena rubescens 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 45904 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliography based on the works by Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 and Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, with later updates from other resources.

Further reading

• Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland
• iNaturalist
• Scottish Nudibranchs
• Sea Slug Forum
• The Marine Flora & Fauna of Norway
• WoRMS

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