Els Aplysiids (antigament Anaspideus) conformen un grup bastant homogeni en quant a morfologia, dins el qual es troben les espècies de major grandĂ ria dins dels opistobranquis, les anomenades llebres de mar del gènere Aplysia. SĂłn herbĂvors i s’alimenten de diferents espècies d’algues i fanerògames marines. Es coneixen unes 80 espècies a tot el mĂłn.
Aplysia punctata by Enric Madrenas per Enric Madrenas
Els aplysiids estan ben cefalitzats, destacant en el cap un parell de tentacles labials anteriors, un parell de rinòfors enrotllats i els ulls. El cap s’uneix a la resta del cos per un coll mĂ©s o menys extensible. La massa visceral Ă©s voluminosa i posseeix unes prolongacions del mantell o parapodis que solen estar replegats sobre ell. La conquilla Ă©s molt reduĂŻda, frĂ gil i estĂ coberta per un replegament del mantell; en algunes espècies la conquilla no existeix. En els Akeridae la conquilla Ă©s externa i estĂ poc calcificada però l’animal no pot retreure’s completament dins d’ella. La cavitat paleal Ă©s un solc a la dreta del cos situat entre el mantell i la base del parapodi, estĂ Ă mpliament oberta a l’exterior i en el seu interior es troba la brĂ nquia, que Ă©s de tipus plegat. En la part posterior del solc paleal desemboca l’anus, que sol estar envoltat d’un replegament del mantell formant el sifĂł anal. En la cavitat paleal es troben la glĂ ndula paleal o de la porpra i la glĂ ndula hipobranquial o opalina, que sĂłn capaces de secretar substĂ ncies tòxiques utilitzades en la defensa de l’animal. El tub digestiu es caracteritza per tenir una molla trituradora que posseeix plaques quitinoses dures. Els aplysiids sĂłn hermafrodites com la gran majoria dels opistobranquis i en el seu aparell reproductor destaca el fet que l’orifici genital i el penis es troben separats i entre ells existeix un solc d’epiteli ciliat per on han de discĂłrrer els espermatozoides que es transfereixen en la còpula.
Biologia
Els Aplysiida sĂłn un grup d’escassa biodiversitat, no obstant això algunes de les seves espècies tenen una gran importĂ ncia en les comunitats d’algues infralitorals on pasturen diverses algues fotòfiles, i tambĂ© per el seu gran volum. Les llebres de mar sĂłn conegudes des de fa mĂ©s de 2.000 anys, principalment per les propietats verinoses de les seves secrecions i per exemple, Plini el Vell, al segle I d. de C. ja va denominar Lepus marinus (llebre marina) a exemplars del gènere Aplysia per la similitud dels rinòfors amb les orelles de les llebres terrestres. Espècies com les llebres de mar europees Aplysia fasciata, A. punctata i A. depilans poden mesurar mĂ©s de 20 cm de longitud i l’espècie del PacĂfic californiĂ Aplysia vaccaria pot arribar a mesurar una mica mĂ©s de 70 cm de longitud i aconseguir un pes de mĂ©s de 10 kg. Generalment tenen activitat nocturna i durant el dia solen mantenir-se inactives. Algunes espècies poden enterrar-se en la sorra. El gran desenvolupament dels parapodis del mantell permet nedar a algunes espècies com Akera bullata i Aplysia fasciata. Tots els aplysiids sĂłn herbĂvors i s’alimenten de diferents espècies d’algues (Laurencia, Dictyota, Sphaereococcus, UlvĂ cies, Enteromorpha, Polysiphonia en aigĂĽes europees) i de fanerògames marines, de les quals poden segrestar els seus pigments i grĂ cies a això adquirir una cripsis gairebĂ© perfecta sobre el substrat, com per exemple Petalifera petalifera o Phyllaplysia depressa sobre les fulles de Posidònia oceanica. Les llebres de mar quan sĂłn molestades poden expulsar a l’exterior les secrecions de les glĂ ndules de la porpra i la glĂ ndula opalina, de color violaci en el primer cas i de color blanc lletòs en el segon, un mecanisme amb missiĂł clarament defensiva ja que sol repel·lir a la majoria dels presumptes depredadors. Dels teixits d’algunes espècies s’han aĂŻllat a mĂ©s diferents metabòlits secundaris amb activitat ictiotòxica que tambĂ© podrien estar implicats en la defensa quĂmica de l’animal. Com els altres opistobranquis, els aplysiids sĂłn hermafrodites i la còpula Ă©s recĂproca. A l’hora de la reproducciĂł, les llebres de mar tendeixen a congregar-se en fons somers i poden practicar una còpula en cadena de diversos individus, dels quals el primer actua com a femella en rebre esperma del segĂĽent, l’Ăşltim de la cadena actua com a mascle en emetre esperma al situat davant, mentre que tots els altres individus intermedis de la cadena emeten esperma al de davant i reben esperma del de darrere. Les postes estan formades per un llarg cordĂł transparent i de tipus mucilaginòs enrotllat de forma amuntegada amb nombrosos ous (mĂ©s de 100.000 citats en Aplysia punctata) de color groc o ataronjat. Dels ous eclosionen larves velĂgeres que s’alimenten de plĂ ncton. Algunes espècies de llebres de mar sĂłn utilitzades com a aliment a Xina i Hawaii i Aplysia californica Ă©s comunament utilitzada en experiments de neurofisiologia a causa de la presència d’axons gegants en el seu sistema nerviĂłs.
DistribuciĂł
La majoria de les espècies d’Aplysiida viuen en aigĂĽes temperades o cĂ lides, molt poques espècies sĂłn d’aigĂĽes fredes, destacant en aquest sentit Aplysia punctata que aconsegueix a viure en les costes de GroenlĂ ndia. Algunes espècies com Aplysia párvula i A. dactylomela tenen una distribuciĂł anfiatlĂ ntica i una espècie molt semblant, Aplysia argus, ha estat citada per tot l’IndopacĂfic. Unes altres espècies com Aplysia juliana i Dolabrifera dolabrifera sĂłn circumtropicals, vivint tant en el IndopacĂfic com en aigĂĽes tropicals de l’AtlĂ ntic. L’espècie cosmopolita Bursatella leachii ha tingut des de principis del segle XX una migraciĂł lessepsiana i ha anat colonitzant el Mar Mediterrani procedent del Mar Roig; B. leachii ja s’ha citat en la conca occidental del Mediterrani, incloses les costes catalanes.
ClassificaciĂł
L’ordre dels Aplysiida (fins ara coneguts com Anaspidea o Aplysiomorpha) es compon de dues superfamĂlies, els Akeroidea i els Aplysioidea, que consten cadascuna d’elles d’una sola famĂlia. Els Akeroidae comprenen nomĂ©s 5 espècies del gènere Akera. SĂłn opistobranquis primitius que anteriorment havien estat inclosos entre els Cephalaspidea. Posseeixen una conquilla externa lleugerament calcificada, i un cos llarg, modificat per excavar en sediments tous. La regiĂł del cap Ă©s petita i no tenen tentacles orals i rinòfors. Algunes espècies com A. bullata poden nedar grĂ cies als parapodis. Els Aplysioidea, comunament anomenats “llebres de mar”, consten de 12 gèneres entre els quals destaca el gènere Aplysia amb mĂ©s de 30 espècies diferents. Tenen mesures molt variables, des de menys d’1 cm fins a mĂ©s de 70 cm. En general tenen un cap gran i aplanat, amb un parell de rinòfors quimioreceptors i un parell de tentacles a cada banda de la boca. La conquilla, quan Ă©s present, es redueix a una placa escassament calcificada i interna, que cobreix el dors de la massa visceral protegint tambĂ© les brĂ nquies i el cor.
La taxonomia actualitzada dels Aplysiida segons Bouchet el al (2017) i reflectit al WoRMS és la següent:
Aplysiida
- Akeroidea Mazzarelli, 1891
- Akeridae Mazzarelli, 1891
- Akera O. F. Müller, 1776
- Aplysioidea Lamarck, 1809
- Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809
- Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
- Bursatella Blainville, 1817
- Dolabella Lamarck, 1801
- Dolabrifera J. E. Gray, 1847
- Notarchus Cuvier, 1816
- Petalifera J. E. Gray, 1847
- Phycophila A. Adams, 1861
- Phyllaplysia P. Fischer, 1872
- Stylocheilus A. Gould, 1852
- Syphonota H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854
Espècies d’Aplysiida citades a la MediterrĂ nia o a la PenĂnsula Ibèrica:
Bibliografia
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.