Aplysiida

Els Aplysiida són un grup de mol·luscs gastròpodes heterobranquis marins que inclou les conegudes llebres de mar, animals que destaquen per les seves dimensions relativament grans, la forma característica del cos i les adaptacions a la vida en fons marins costaners. El seu nom comú fa referència a la semblança que alguns d’aquests animals presenten amb una llebre, especialment per la presència de prolongacions sensorials al cap que recorden unes orelles. Tot i aquest aspecte peculiar, constitueixen un grup molt divers, amb espècies que presenten formes, colors i mides força diferents.

Aplysia punctata per Pontes, Miquel

Les llebres de mar es troben principalment en aigües poc profundes, en una gran varietat d’hàbitats, des de les praderies de fanerògames marines fins als fons rocosos, els alguers i els substrats tous. La seva distribució és àmplia i inclou mars temperats i tropicals de tot el món, amb espècies que poden assolir dimensions considerables i d’altres molt més discretes. Algunes són habituals en determinades zones litorals, mentre que altres tenen una distribució més restringida o passen fàcilment desapercebudes.

Una de les característiques més sorprenents d’aquest grup és la diversitat de formes i colors. Hi ha espècies de tons bruns, verdosos o violacis que es confonen fàcilment amb les algues i el substrat, mentre que d’altres presenten colors més vius o patrons contrastats. Aquestes diferències reflecteixen, en part, les adaptacions a l’entorn i les relacions que mantenen amb els organismes dels quals depenen. La seva presència sovint està vinculada a comunitats d’algues que constitueixen una part essencial del seu hàbitat.

Les llebres de mar també són conegudes per algunes estratègies defensives singulars. Diverses espècies poden alliberar substàncies acolorides quan són molestades, un comportament que ha contribuït a fer-les especialment conegudes entre els naturalistes i els aficionats a l’observació de la vida marina. Aquestes particularitats, juntament amb la seva mida i el seu aspecte inconfusible, les converteixen en uns dels llimacs de mar més fàcils de reconèixer durant les immersions.

Malgrat que algunes espècies són relativament comunes, la diversitat del grup i les diferències entre les espècies poden fer que la seva identificació no sempre sigui senzilla. L’estudi de la seva morfologia, la coloració i altres caràcters distintius permet aprofundir en les relacions entre les diferents espècies i comprendre millor la seva diversificació evolutiva.

Per la seva mida, les seves formes singulars i la seva relació amb els ecosistemes costaners, els Aplysiida constitueixen un grup especialment interessant per descobrir la diversitat dels llimacs de mar. La seva observació ens permet apreciar tant la varietat de formes de vida que habiten els fons marins com les adaptacions que han desenvolupat els gastròpodes al llarg de la seva evolució.

La taxonomia actualitzada dels Aplysiida segons WoRMS és la següent:

 

Espècies d’Aplysiida citades a la Mediterrània o a la Península Ibèrica:

Bibliografia

    1246567 Aplysiida 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 209 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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    Bridges, C. B. (1975). Larval development of Phyllaplysia taylori Dall, with a discussion of development in the Anaspidea (Opisthobranchiata: Anaspidea). Ophelia 14:161-184.
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    Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.