Atalodoris pictoni

Atalodoris pictoni  (Furfaro & Trainito, 2017)

Atalodoris pictoni @ Costa Brava, Spain by Enric Madrenas

Taxonomic Note: This recently described species has been identified repeatedly as Onchidoris pusilla (Alder & Hancock, 1845) because of its similar morphology: dark brown body due to scores of the same color and completely white rhinophores. However, the gill leaves in K. pictoni are of the same color as the body, in contrast to the white gill of the original description and the other reports of true O. pusilla. Hallas & Gosliner (2015) reorganize the systematics of the family Onchidorididae Gray, 1827 and unite the species with a median tooth of Onchidoris and Adalaria in the genus Onchidoris Blainville, 1816, which has priority over Adalaria Bergh, 1878, while proposing a new genus Knoutsodonta (type species Knoutsodonta jannae (Millen, 1987)) to group the remaining species without a median tooth in the radula. These authors, however, do not take into account the existence of the genus Atalodoris Iredale & O’Donoghue, 1923 (type species Doris pusilla Alder & Hancock. 1945) proposed from a type species without a rachidian median tooth, so Knoutsodonta is an unnecessary name and all species of “Onchidoris” without a median tooth in the radula would be species of Atalodoris. Furfaro & Trainito (2017) describe Knoutsodonta pictoni and publish a comparative table of the fifteen species they consider to be of this genus, of which 6 are species that live in the Mediterranean (K. pictoni, K. albonigra, K. bouvieri, K. depressa, K. neapolitana and K. sparsa), taxa that Ortea (2021) proposes to transfer to the genus Atalodoris.

Description
Animals of this species may reach up to 13 mm in length, but they do not usually exceed a size of 9-10 mm. The body shape is almost circular and it has a very dark brown color, formed by almost continuous spots of the same color. There are whitish spots near the edge of the mantle. Under the mantle the typical spiculation of the genus can be seen by transparency. The dorsum has slightly conical elevated and well spaced tubercles. The tubercles at the edge of the mantle are smaller. The tubercles have whitish the base and brown the apex. The rhinophores are completely white and retractile; have rudimentary lamellae, up to 10 in the largest specimens. The rhinophoral sheath is not high and has two large tubercles, one antero-internal and one lateral. The gill is formed by up to 9-10 bipinnate leaves in the largest specimens; the gill leaves are arranged in a circle around the anus, they are not retractile, they are semitransparent but they have numerous brown spots that give them a dark color. The intrabranchial circle has three tubercles, two anterior and one posterior, which closes the circle of gill leaves. The foot is whitish but has tiny brownish-red spots, visible with a binocular microscope, and a reddish-brown stain corresponding to the internal viscera. There are also brown spots on the flanks of the body and on the back of the foot. The mouth is located at the center of a sort of oral veil that extends laterally.

Biology
Specimens of this species were known in different points of the Catalan Costa Brava (Spain) since 1992 but were erroneously assigned to the species Onchidoris pusilla. It lives under rocks and almost always on colonies of encrusting bryozoans such as Reptadeonella violacea (see Furfaro & Trainito, 2017) on which it is usually unnoticed due to its color similarity. The predated areas of the bryozoan colony appear whitish, making it easier to tell if the nudibranch is around or not. The spawn, which is usually laid on top of the bryozoan briozoo, is formed by a semitransparent cord wrapped in a tight circular spiral of up to 7 turns, with numerous white eggs. It has been reported how two animals can lay a complex pattern in which one egg spiral is completely enclosed within another. Eggs are usually laid from April to May.

Etymology

• Atalodoris, from  “atalo”, youthful, and “Doris”, name of a marine nymph.
• Pictoni. After Bernard Picton, eminent British specialist in opistobranchs of the North Atlantic.

Distribution
A. pictoni has an Atlantic-Mediterranean distribution and has only been found so far on the Scottish and Irish coasts and in the central and western Mediterranean (see Furfaro & Trainito, 2017). In the Iberian Peninsula there are only reliable reports from the Costa Brava (Port Lligat to Lloret de Mar), and from the Maresme, where it has been reported in Llavaneres (Ballesteros et al., 2016), in all cases cited as O. pusilla or Knoutsodonta sp.

More pictures

Bibliography

1246567 Atalodoris pictoni 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 19913 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliography based on the works by Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 and Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, with later updates from other resources.

Further reading

• El Litoral de Granada
• Flickr pictures
• Furfaro & Trainito (2017) Original description
• Grup de Recerca d'Opistobranquis de Catalunya
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• Scottish Nudibranchs
• Word Register of Marine Species

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