Pleurobranchaea meckeli

Pleurobranchaea meckeli (de Blainville, 1825)

• Pleurobranchaea chiajei Locard, 1886
• Pleurobranchaea dellechiaii Vérany, 1846
• Pleurobranchaea notmec Ev. Marcus & Gosliner, 1984
• Pleurobranchaea vayssierei Ev. Marcus & Gosliner, 1984
• Pleurobranchidium meckeli Blainville, 1825 (original)

Description
The body is high, quite curved, of variable color (ranging from light gray to dark gray, going through all shades of brown and yellow) and reaches a length of about 10 cm, with a mantle that protects the vital organs and is rounded in its rear part, whereas in its front side it forms a big frontal veil that is delimited laterally by two conical tentacles rolled on themselves. The anterior edge of the mantle has sensory digitations. Unlike the other pleurobrancomorphs, this species lacks an inner shell. On both sides of the head are the two rhinophores of cylinder-conical form, rolled on themselves, somewhat similar to the tentacles on the corners of the cephalic veil. The eyes, almost invisible to a diver because they are placed at the level of the abdominal cavity, can be seen by transparency on the rhinophores. The gill is clearly visible on the right side of the body, as it almost protrudes from the edge of the mantle cavity. The gill is bipinnate, coloured beige, and takes approximately one-third of the total length of the animal. The foot, somewhat lighter in color than the body, protrudes from the sides and back of the mantle, where it has a vertical tappered tissue projection. The sole of the foot is smooth. Between the foot and the mantle there is a dark groove with a large number of small lumps or irregular tubercles lighter in color, almost white on the foot, capable of emitting a whitish acidic substance for defensive purposes. In the anterior part of the foot, hidden beneath the frontal veil, there is a short and wide protractile tube, the buccal organ (proboscid), which is evaginable.

Biology
This species uses its sensory papillae, located around the mouth and facial veil to detect its food. It appears to feed on anthozoans (including sea plumes) and hydrozoans, since large numbers of cnidocysts have been found in the stomach of the studied specimens. Cattaneo-Vietti et al. (1993) suggest that it can feed on other living invertebrates, such as the sponge (Thenea muricata), wandering polychaete, amphipods (Caprella sp.) as well as other opisthobranchs (Tethys fimbria, Philine aperta, Facelina sp.). The same study also indicates that small cephalopods (both complete and parts of the body: teeth, traces of eyes …) were found in the digestive system of the examined specimens, along with fish scales and spines. He probably captures both live and dead animals and, under certain conditions (aquarium), it is known to feed on other specimens of its own species (Pruvot-Fol, 1954). It is considered a ravenous opportunist predator. Reproduction takes place in autumn. The spawn is a fairly wide ribbon, fixed to the substrate, and arranged in tight undulations, with white eggs. It is not uncommon for the animal to carry some sand on the body as it moves, as it helps to camouflage itself. Robert Dollfus (in Pruvot-Fol, 1954) indicates that the body of this species may be parasitized by the copepod Anthessius pleurobrancheae Delle Valle, 1880.

Etymology

• Pleurobranchaea. From greek “pleura”, to the side of + “bragchia”, gill. Side gill.
• Meckeli. Dedicated to Dr. Johann Friedrich Meckel, (1781-1833), from Halle, Germany, who worked with Cuvier in Paris. He was known for his wide knowledge of general animal anatomy, but he worked mainly on vertebrates.

Distribution
It is found throughout the Mediterranean, both in the western basin (Spain, France, Italy, …) and in the eastern basin (Turkey, Croatia, …). It has been reported in the Red Sea (Parenzan, 1961 in Barash & Danin, 1971). In the eastern Atlantic is present between the Northern coast of Spain (Avila, 1993) and the Gulf of Guinea (Marcus & Gosliner, 1984), including the Canary Islands (Odhner, 1931), Cape Verde (Vayssière, 1902), Madeira (Wirtz , unpublished data) and Azores (Bergh, 1899). On the Iberian coasts it has been cited in Cantabria (Avila, 1993), Portugal (Nordsieck, 1972), Western Andalusia (Cervera & García Gómez, 1988) and Eastern Andalusia (Luque, 1983), Murcia (Templado et al. 1983), the Balearic islands (Vayssière, 1885) and Catalonia (Ros, 1975). In the Catalan coasts it has been reported in the soft bottoms and detrital substrates of the Barcelona coast (Ballesteros, unpublished data), in Blanes (Ros, 1975) and L’Escala (Weitzmann, 2017, pers. comm.).

Known georeferenced records of the species: Pleurobranchaea meckeli

Sources:
OBIS GROC 2010-2011 Enric Madrenas João Pedro Silva Bernard Picton GBIF	OPK VIMAR Manuel Ballesteros M@re Nostrum Altres fonts Marine Regions

Videos

More pictures

Pleurobranchaea meckeli gill detail

Pleurobranchaea meckeli by Enric Madrenas

Pleurobranchaea meckeli

Pleurobranchaea meckeli

Pleurobranchaea meckeli feeding by Gilles Cavignaux

Pleurobranchaea meckeli mating by Gilles Cavignaux

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ Sipieres (L’Escala, Spain) 7-07-2017 by Boris Weitzmann

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ La Baixant, Mataró, Spain 25m 1-08-2013 by Carlos Fernández Cid

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ La Baixant, Mataró, Spain 25m 1-08-2013 by Carlos Fernández Cid

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ La Baixant, Mataró, Spain 25m 1-08-2013 by Carlos Fernández Cid

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ Ensenada de los Berengueles , Granada 27-06-2020 -14 m by Luis Sánchez Tocino

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ France by Pascal Girard

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ France by Pascal Girard

Pleurobranchaea meckeli gill detail @ France by Pascal Girard

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ Cala Egos, Mallorca by Sebastià Pons

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ Cala Egos, Mallorca by Sebastià PonsCAMERA

Pleurobranchaea meckeli @ Cala Egos, Mallorca by Sebastià Pons

Bibliography

1246567 Pleurobranchaea meckeli 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 386 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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