Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843)
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Taxonomy Superdomain
Biota
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Mollusca
Class
Gastropoda
Subclass
Heterobranchia
Infraclass
Euthyneura
Subterclass
Tectipleura
Superorder
Sacoglossa
Superfamily
Plakobranchoidea
Family
Limapontiidae
Genus
Placida
Species
Placida dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843)
Classification according to Bouchet et al. (2017) Taxonomic source: World Register of Marine Species (AphiaID: 141565).
Synonyms
Calliopaea dendritica Alder & Hancock, 1843 (original)
Hermaea aoteana Powell, 1937
Hermaea brevicornis Costa A., 1867
Hermaea capensis Macnae, 1954
Hermaea dendritica (Alder & Hancock, 1843)
Hermaea lutescens Costa A., 1866
Hermaea orbicularis Costa A., 1866
Hermaea ornata MacFarland, 1966
Hermaea venosa Lovén, 1844
Placida aoteana (Powell, 1937)
Placida babai Ev. Marcus, 1982
Description
The size of this species is small, between 5 and 8 mm, although there are cites of animals reaching 20 mm in length. The background color of the animal is white but it is decorated by the many dark green dendritic branches of the digestive gland, that spreads throughout the body, including cerata, rhinophores, head and foot, and make it acquire this tone and the ability to go unnoticed on Chlorophycean seaweeds like those of the genus Codium . The relatively short rhinophores are auriculate; the eyes can be seen just behind the base of the rhinophores. The cerata are numerous and distributed up into 8 groups on both sides, although in small specimens they show no clear appearance of grouping. The olive green digestive gland extends inside of the cerata, where it is profusely branched. The anal papilla is long and narrow and it is located in the anterior dorsal position; the cardiac region is located right behind. The foot is wide, semitransparent, and rounded in its front part, while in the back part it ends in a tapered tail, also infiltrated by hepatic branches.
Biology
The white and green color of this species is a perfect camouflage on the algae Codium fragile ssp tomentosoides, Codium tomentosum and Bryopsis plumosa , among other seaweed species. P. dendritica feeds on the apical part of these algae. This species is able to retain the living chloroplasts of algae in its tissues. These organules remain active for about 24 h, so it is not certain that they provide any kind of organic food to the sacoglossan. Juveniles are also found between different algae and even among Posidonia oceanica rhizomes. From this species there have been isolated certain chemical compounds called “placidenes” that might be involved in the defense mechanisms of the animal, as they are abundant in secreted mucus when disturbed. The spawn is a spiral about 3 mm in diameter, composed by about two turns of a white egg cord.
Etymology
Placida . From Latin “placeō”, please, satisfy. Also means placid, gentle, quiet, still, calm, mild, peaceful.
Dendritica . From Greek “Dendron”, tree. Resembling or having a branching treelike figure.
Distribution
Apparently this is an almost cosmopolitan species as there are cites in temperate and cold temperate almost everywhere: Atlantic (from Norway to Madeira and the British Isles), South Africa, Australia, New Zealand, Japan and the Western Mediterranean. It is doubted whether these remote findings respond to a complex of different species than the Mediterranean specimens. In the Iberian Peninsula it has been collected all along its coastline and it has also been observed in the Balearic islands. This species is widespread throughout the Catalan coast, but because of its small size and, especially, because its crypsis on Chlorophycean algae makes it go unnoticed for most divers.
Abundance
Western Mediterranean: ★★☆☆☆ Eastern Mediterranean: ☆☆☆☆☆ Atlantic Ocean: ★★☆☆☆
Month
This chart displays the monthly observation probability for Placida dendritica based on our own records.
Videos
VIDEO
More pictures
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica by Enric Madrenas
Placida dendritica @ Laguna Fusaro, Bacoli, Napoli by Guido Villani
Placida dendritica with spawn @ Costa Brava (Spain) by Miquel Pontes
Placida dendritica by Nani Díez
Placida dendritica by Nani Díez
Placida dendritica @ France by Pascal Girard
Placida dendritica @ France by Pascal Girard
Bibliography
1246567
Placida dendritica
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Ballesteros, M., Madrenas, E. & Pontes, M. (2023) "Placida dendritica" in OPK-Opistobranquis . Published: 14/05/2012. Accessed: 19/03/2024. Available at (https://opistobranquis.info/en/?p=272 )
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