Los Aplysiidos (antiguos Anaspideos) son un grupo bastante homogéneo en cuanto a morfología y donde se encuentran las especies de mayor tamaño dentro de los Opistobranquios, las llamadas liebres de mar del género Aplysia. Son herbívoros y se alimentan de diferentes especies de algas y fanerógamas marinas. Se conocen unas 80 especies en todo el mundo.
Aplysia punctata by Enric Madrenas por Enric Madrenas
Los aplysiidos están bien cefalizados, destacando en la cabeza un par de tentáculos labiales anteriores, un par de rinóforos enrollados y los ojos. La cabeza se une al resto el cuerpo por un cuello más o menos extensible. La masa visceral es voluminosa y posee unas prolongaciones del manto o parapodios que suelen estar replegados sobre ella. La concha es muy reducida, es frágil y está cubierta por un repliegue del manto; en algunas especies la concha no existe. En los Akeridae la concha es externa y está poco calcificada, pero el animal no puede retraerse completamente dentro de ella. La cavidad paleal es un surco a la derecha del cuerpo situado entre el manto y la base del parápodo, está ampliamente abierta al exterior y en su interior se encuentra la branquia, que es de tipo plegado. En la parte posterior del surco paleal desemboca el ano, que suele estar rodeado de un repliegue del manto formando el sifón anal. En la cavidad paleal se encuentran la glándula paleal o de la púrpura y la glándula hipobranquial u opalina, que son capaces de secretar sustancias tóxicas utilizadas en la defensa del animal. El tubo digestivo se caracteriza por tener una molleja trituradora que posee placas quitinosas duras. Los aplysiidos son hermafroditas como la gran mayoría de los opistobranquios y en su aparato reproductor destaca el hecho de que el orificio genital y el pene se encuentran separados y entre ellos existe un surco de epitelio ciliado por donde deben discurrir los espermatozoides que se transfieren en la cópula.
Biología
Los Aplysiida son un grupo de escasa biodiversidad, pero sin embargo algunas de sus especies tienen una gran importancia en las comunidades de algas infralitorales someras donde pastan diversas algas fotófilas y también por su gran voluminosidad. Las liebres de mar son conocidas desde hace más de 2.000 años, principalmente por las propiedades venenosas de sus secreciones y por ejemplo, Plinio el Viejo en el siglo I d.C. ya denominó Lepus marinus (liebre marina) a ejemplares del género Aplysia por la similitud de los rinóforos con las orejas de las liebres terrestres. Especies como las liebres de mar europeas Aplysia fasciata, A. punctata y A. depilans pueden alcanzar más de 20 cm de longitud y la especie del Pacífico californiano Aplysia vaccaria puede llegar a medir algo más de 70 cm de longitud y alcanzar un peso de más de 10 kg. Generalmente tienen actividad nocturna y durante el día suelen mantenerse inactivas. Algunas especies pueden enterrarse en la arena. El gran desarrollo de los parapodios del manto permite nadar a algunas especies como Akera bullata y Aplysia fasciata. Todos los aplysiidos son herbívoros y se alimentan de diferentes especies de algas (Laurencia, Dictyota, Sphaereococus, Ulváceas, Enteromorpha, Polysiphonia en aguas europeas) y de fanerógamas marinas, de las que pueden secuestrar sus pigmentos y gracias a ello adquirir una cripsis casi perfecta sobre el sustrato, como por ejemplo Petalifera petalifera o Phyllaplysia depressa sobre las hojas de Posidonia oceanica. Las liebres de mar cuando son molestadas pueden expulsar al exterior las secreciones de las glándulas de la púrpura y la glándula opalina, de color violáceo en el primer caso y de color blanco lechoso en el segundo, un mecanismo con misión claramente defensiva ya que suele repeler a la mayoría de los presuntos depredadores. De los tejidos de algunas especies se han aislado además diferentes metabolitos secundarios con actividad ictiotóxica que también podrían estar implicados en la defensa química del animal. Como los demás opistobranquios, los aplysiidos son hermafroditas y la cópula es recíproca. A la hora de la reproducción, las liebres de mar tienden a congregarse en fondos someros y pueden practicar una cópula en cadena de varios individuos, de los que el primero actúa como hembra al recibir esperma del siguiente, el último de la cadena actúa como macho al emitir esperma al situado delante, mientras que todos los demás individuos intermedios de la cadena emiten esperma al de delante y reciben esperma del de detrás. Las puestas están formadas por un largo cordón transparente y de tipo mucilaginoso enrollado de forma apelotonada con numerosos huevos (más de 100.000 citados en Aplysia punctata) de color amarillo o anaranjado. De los huevos eclosionan larvas velígeras que se alimentan de pláncton. Algunas especies de liebres de mar son utilizadas como alimento en China y en Hawaii y Aplysia californica es comúnmente utilizada en experimentos de neurofisiología debido a la presencia de axones gigantes en su sistema nervioso.
Distribución
La mayoría de las especies de Aplysiida viven en aguas templadas o cálidas, muy pocas especies son de aguas frías, destacando en este sentido Aplysia punctata que alcanza a vivir en las costas de Groenlandia. Algunas especies como Aplysia parvula y A. dactylomela tienen una distribución anfiatlántica y una especie similar, Aplysia argus ha sido citada en todo el Indo-Pacífico. Otras especies como Aplysia juliana y Dolabrifera dolabrifera son circuntropicales, viviendo tanto en el Indopacífico como en aguas tropicales del Atlántico. La especie cosmopolita Bursatella leachii ha tenido desde principios del siglo XX una migración lessepsiana y ha ido colonizando el Mar Mediterráneo procedente del Mar Rojo; B. leachii ya se ha citado en la cuenca occidental del Mediterráneo, incluidas las costas catalanas.
Clasificación
El orden de los Aplysiida (hasta ahora conocidos como Anaspidea o Aplysiomorpha) se compone de dos superfamilias, los Akeroidea y los Aplysioidea, que constan cada una de ellas de una sola familia. Los Akeroidea comprenden únicamente 5 especies del género Akera. Son opistobranquios primitivos que anteriormente habían sido incluidos entre los Cephalaspidea. Poseen una concha externa ligeramente calcificada, y un cuerpo largo, modificado para excavar en sedimentos blandos. La región de la cabeza es pequeña y no tienen tentáculos orales ni rinóforos. Algunas especies como A. bullata pueden nadar gracias a los parapodios. Los Aplysioidea, comúnmente llamados “liebres de mar”, constan de 12 géneros entre los que destaca el género Aplysia con más de 30 especies diferentes. Tienen medidas muy variables, desde menos de 1 cm hasta más de 70 cm. En general tienen una cabeza grande y aplanada, con un par de rinóforos quimioreceptores y un par de tentáculos a cada banda de la boca. La concha, cuando está presente, se reduce a una placa escasamente calcificada e interna, que cubre el dorso de la masa visceral protegiendo también a las branquias y el corazón.
La taxonomía actualizada de los Aplysiida según Bouchet el al (2017) y reflejado en WoRMS es la siguiente:
Aplysiida
- Akeroidea Mazzarelli, 1891
- Akeridae Mazzarelli, 1891
- Aplysioidea Lamarck, 1809
- Aplysiidae Lamarck, 1809
- Aplysia Linnaeus, 1767
- Bursatella Blainville, 1817
- Dolabella Lamarck, 1801
- Dolabrifera J. E. Gray, 1847
- Notarchus Cuvier, 1816
- Petalifera J. E. Gray, 1847
- Phycophila A. Adams, 1861
- Phyllaplysia P. Fischer, 1872
- Stylocheilus A. Gould, 1852
- Syphonota H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854
Especies de Aplysiida citadas en el Mediterráneo o en la Península Ibérica:
Bibliografía
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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.