Goniobranchus obsoletus

Goniobranchus obsoletus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830)

Goniobranchus obsoletus @ Gordon beach, Tel Aviv , Israel por Tal Shema

Nota taxonómica: Goniobranchus obsoletus fue descrito originalmente por Eduard Rüppell y Friedrich S. Leuckart como Doris obsoleta, a partir de material procedente del mar Rojo. La fecha de publicación ha aparecido como 1830 o 1831 en la literatura posterior, pero el World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS) acepta actualmente la autoría y fecha como Goniobranchus obsoletus (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830). La combinación original fue Doris obsoleta; posteriormente la especie fue incluida en Casella y, durante buena parte de la literatura del siglo XX, en Chromodoris. El género Goniobranchus fue establecido por William Harper Pease en 1866, durante mucho tiempo el género quedó subordinado a Chromodoris, pero los estudios filogenéticos moleculares de Johnson & Gosliner (2012) demostraron que Chromodoris no era monofilético y reinstauraron Goniobranchus como género válido para uno de los clados de los antiguos Chromodoris.

Sinónimos

• Casella obsoleta (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831)
• Chromodoris obsoleta (Rüppell & Leuckart, 1831)
• Doris obsoleta Rüppell & Leuckart, 1830 (original)

Descripción
Es un doridáceo de cuerpo ovalado y relativamente alargado, con el notum de aspecto rugoso debido a la presencia de tubérculos o pústulas bajas y elevadas. El patrón cromático es muy característico: el dorso es blanco lechoso, recorrido por una reticulación de color pardo-anaranjado que se dispone entre las elevaciones del notum. El margen del manto presenta una banda naranja, inmediatamente acompañada hacia el interior por una banda irregular azul oscuro o azul negruzco. En conjunto, estas bandas marginales constituyen uno de los caracteres externos más útiles para reconocer la especie. Los rinóforos son translúcidos, de tonalidad parda a anaranjada, y sus lamelas están bordeadas de blanco opaco. Las branquias presentan una coloración igualmente translúcida, parda o pardo-anaranjada, con los bordes de las ramas blancos. El color del notum puede transparentarse parcialmente por la cara ventral del manto, mientras que el pie es blanco. El tamaño puede alcanzar aproximadamente 40 mm de longitud, aunque se han documentado también ejemplares considerablemente menores; por ejemplo, Rudman examinó un ejemplar vivo de 17 mm procedente de Suakin, en el mar Rojo, y existen registros de individuos de 10–20 mm en el golfo Pérsico.

Biología
Es una especie asociada a fondos rocosos y sustratos duros, incluyendo arrecifes, estructuras de coral muerto y estructuras artificiales, generalmente en aguas someras. En el golfo Pérsico ha sido observada desde aguas muy superficiales, de 2 a 5 m en Bahrein- hasta unos 16 m en el golfo de Omán, mientras que un ejemplar del mar Rojo fue registrado a 17 m. En el Mediterráneo también se ha observado en ambientes rocosos someros y en una cueva submarina. Se alimenta de esponjas, aunque la identidad de estas esponjas no ha quedado demostrada con seguridad: Rudman sugirió Chelonaplysilla violacea como posible alimento a partir de observaciones fotográficas, aunque consideró explícitamente que debía confirmarse. La información sobre  su reproducción es escasa. En Ayia Napa (Chipre) se encontró una puesta de huevos en forma de cinta de color amarillento, adherida a una roca próxima a los ejemplares observados, una evidencia directa de reproducción de la especie en el Mediterráneo. Rudman publicó en 2007 una observación de dos ejemplares en cópula en Arabia Saudí. En cuanto a la posibilidad de desarrollo directo de las puestas, Rudman señaló que el trabajo de Gohar & Soliman (1967), que describía el desarrollo directo de Casella obsoleta, probablemente correspondía en realidad a una especie de Glossodoris y no a Goniobranchus obsoletus.

Etimología

• Goniobranchus, nombre que deriva del Griego “gonios”, ángulo y “brangchia”, branquias.
• Obsoletus. Del Latín “obsoletus”, trillado, desgastado, dilapidado.

Distribución
La distribución conocida original de Goniobranchus obsoletus es relativamente restringida. Fue descrita del mar Rojo y posteriormente se documentó en diferentes localidades del norte del océano Índico, incluyendo el golfo Pérsico y el golfo de Omán. Rudman la consideró una especie aparentemente restringida al sector noroccidental del océano Índico, y señaló que los registros publicados eran relativamente escasos. No existen bases suficientes para atribuirle una distribución mucho más amplia por el Indo-Pacífico. En los últimos años se ha citado en el Mediterráneo oriental, donde se ha establecido como especie no indígena como consecuencia de su llegada desde el mar Rojo a través del canal de Suez. El primer registro mediterráneo publicado corresponde a la costa mediterránea de Israel en 2015. Halevy et al. documentaron varios ejemplares fotografiados frente a Tel Aviv: un ejemplar fue fotografiado en mayo de 2015 y varios más en junio del mismo año. También se registró un ejemplar frente a Caesarea, a unos 6 m de profundidad, en mayo de 2015. En Chipre, Kleitou et al. (2019) se observaron varios ejemplares en una cueva submarina frente a Ayia Napa, donde también se encontró una puesta. En Turquía, Gökoğlu & Büyük comunicaron en 2020 el primer registro para el país, de un ejemplar observado el 24 de junio de 2019, durante una inmersión, en una cueva sumergida de Antalya Falez, a 5 m de profundidad (36.849133° N, 30.778211° E), sobre la pared de la cavidad. La especie también está documentada actualmente en la costa mediterránea de Siria, en Latakia, donde se observó un ejemplar en 2016 a unos 2 m de profundidad sobre sustrato rocoso; en Jableh, donde se registró en septiembre de 2019 un ejemplar a 1-2 m en una pequeña cubeta sobre costa rocosa; y en Al-Massab, Tartus, donde se documentó otro ejemplar en abril de 2021 en una pequeña marina. Estos registros muestran una cierta expansión por el sector levantino del Mediterráneo.

Otras fotos

Bibliografía

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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

• Facebook - Tal Shema Photographs
• Flickr pictures
• Gordon T. Smith Nudibranchs
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• Medslugs (Ind.NW)
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• Sea Slug Forum
• The Slug Site
• WoRMS

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