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Flabellinidae

Los Flabellinidae son una familia de nudibranquios eólidos, moluscos gasterópodos heterobranquios marinos de cuerpo blando y sin concha externa en el estado adulto. Forman parte de los Cladobranchia y de la superfamilia Aeolidioidea. Es un grupo diverso, con numerosos géneros y especies distribuidos principalmente en mares templados y fríos, aunque también existen representantes en otras regiones. La clasificación de la familia ha sido revisada en diferentes estudios filogenéticos y su composición ha cambiado con respecto a las clasificaciones tradicionales.

Flabellina affinis by Miquel Pontes por Pontes, Miquel

Los Flabellinidae habitan principalmente en ambientes bentónicos marinos, desde zonas muy someras hasta profundidades considerables. Se encuentran habitualmente sobre fondos rocosos, entre algas y sobre organismos sésiles, especialmente hidrozoos y otros cnidarios que pueden formar parte de su dieta. Algunas especies están estrechamente asociadas a determinados hábitats u organismos presa. La familia tiene una distribución amplia y es especialmente diversa en aguas templadas y frías.

El cuerpo de los Flabellinidae suele ser alargado y relativamente estrecho, con numerosos cerata dispuestos en grupos o hileras laterales. Sin embargo, la forma, longitud y disposición de estos apéndices pueden variar entre los diferentes géneros. En algunos linajes, los cerata son muy largos y numerosos, mientras que en otros son más cortos o presentan una disposición diferente. Los rinóforos también pueden variar considerablemente y pueden ser lisos, anillados, lamelados o presentar otras formas de ornamentación. Los tentáculos orales suelen estar bien desarrollados.

Los cerata tienen funciones respiratorias, digestivas y defensivas. Las ramificaciones de la glándula digestiva se extienden por su interior y contribuyen a aumentar la superficie disponible para los procesos de intercambio. En muchos Flabellinidae, los cerata también contienen cnidosacos, generalmente situados en las regiones distales, donde se almacenan nematocistos obtenidos de las presas cnidarias. Estos nematocistos pueden ser utilizados posteriormente en la defensa frente a los depredadores. La presencia y el desarrollo de este mecanismo, sin embargo, pueden variar entre los diferentes linajes.

El aparato bucal conserva una rádula funcional, generalmente formada por una única fila de dientes por cada hilera transversal. La forma y ornamentación de los dientes pueden variar entre las especies y constituyen caracteres importantes para su identificación. Las mandíbulas también pueden presentar diferentes grados de denticulación. La anatomía del aparato bucal, junto con la morfología de los cerata, los rinóforos y otras estructuras, se ha utilizado para establecer las relaciones entre los diferentes linajes de la familia.

La alimentación de los Flabellinidae es predominantemente carnívora y está estrechamente relacionada con los organismos sésiles que forman parte de su hábitat. Muchas especies se alimentan de hidrozoos, pero las presas pueden variar según el linaje. Esta asociación puede ser muy específica y, en algunos casos, una especie de nudibranquio puede aparecer habitualmente sobre una determinada presa. La disponibilidad de los organismos alimentarios puede influir, por tanto, en la distribución y abundancia local de las diferentes especies.

La coloración de los Flabellinidae es muy variable. Algunas especies presentan cuerpos translúcidos o colores poco contrastados que facilitan el camuflaje entre los organismos sobre los que viven, mientras que otras tienen patrones muy llamativos. Los cerata pueden presentar colores diferentes de los del cuerpo y, en algunas especies, sus tonalidades pueden variar a lo largo de su longitud. La coloración de los rinóforos, los tentáculos orales y las puntas de los cerata puede proporcionar caracteres útiles para diferenciar especies morfológicamente semejantes.

La reproducción sigue el patrón general de los nudibranquios. Los Flabellinidae son hermafroditas simultáneos y durante la cópula pueden intercambiar esperma. Después de la fecundación, depositan las puestas sobre el sustrato, habitualmente en forma de cintas o masas de huevos rodeadas de material gelatinoso. En muchas especies, las puestas se encuentran cerca de los organismos que constituyen su alimento. El desarrollo larvario puede incluir una fase planctónica antes del asentamiento de los juveniles, aunque este proceso varía entre las diferentes especies.

Desde un punto de vista evolutivo, los Flabellinidae son un grupo especialmente interesante porque las clasificaciones basadas únicamente en la morfología externa han sido modificadas por los análisis anatómicos y moleculares. Algunos caracteres que pueden parecer muy similares externamente han evolucionado de forma independiente en diferentes linajes, mientras que otras características anatómicas han ayudado a establecer las relaciones filogenéticas entre los géneros. Por este motivo, los límites y las relaciones internas de la familia han sido objeto de revisión.

Debe tenerse en cuenta, por tanto, que no todos los Flabellinidae presentan exactamente la misma morfología ni la misma ecología. La forma y disposición de los cerata, la estructura de los rinóforos, el aparato bucal, las presas y los hábitats asociados pueden variar considerablemente entre los diferentes linajes. Esta diversidad es especialmente importante en la identificación de las especies, ya que algunos caracteres externos pueden ser compartidos por especies evolutivamente alejadas.

Los Flabellinidae forman, por tanto, un grupo diverso de nudibranquios eólidos, caracterizado especialmente por la variedad de sus cerata, sus adaptaciones defensivas y las estrechas relaciones con organismos sésiles del bentos. Muchas especies pueden pasar fácilmente desapercibidas debido a su pequeño tamaño y a su asociación con hidrozoos y otros organismos coloniales. La observación detallada de la forma y disposición de los cerata, los rinóforos, la coloración, el hábitat y las posibles presas es esencial para una identificación fiable y para comprender mejor su ecología y distribución.

La taxonomía de los Flabellinidae según WoRMS es:

 

Especies de Flabellinidae registradas en el Mediterráneo o en la península Ibérica:

Bibliografía

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    Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.