Felimida clenchi

Felimida clenchi (Russell, 1935)

Felimida clenchi @ Lake Worth Lagoon, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA 6-08-2007 por Anne DuPont

Nota taxonómica: Las especies europeas atlánticas y mediterráneas de los géneros Hypselodoris y Chromodoris, después del análisis molecular de los Chromodorididae  de Johnson & Gosliner (2012, Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS ONE 7(4): 33479) se han incluido en los géneros Felimare Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 (las especies de Hypselodoris) y Felimida Ev. Marcus, 1971 (las especies del género Chromodoris)

Felimida clenchi fue descrita originalmente por Henry D. Russell en 1935 con el nombre Glossodoris clenchi, a partir de un único ejemplar de 9 mm recolectado en Ferry Beach, Bermudas. La descripción original fue publicada en The Nautilus, e incluía ilustraciones del animal en vista dorsal y ventral, además de detalles de los rinóforos y de las branquias. Russell no describió las estructuras internas ni realizó un estudio de la rádula.

La historia posterior de la especie estuvo marcada por una notable confusión con otros cromodorídidos de coloración semejante. En 1955 Eveline Marcus describió Glossodoris neona a partir de ejemplares de São Paulo (Brasil), y posteriormente este nombre fue tratado por distintos autores como especie independiente o como sinónimo de F. clenchi. En 1963 Eveline y Ernst Marcus describieron Chromodoris binza de Curaçao, mientras que Ortea y Pérez describieron en 1983 Chromodoris britoi de las islas Canarias. Estas especies pasaron a formar un complejo de especies caracterizado por patrones cromáticos semejantes.

La revisión de Ortea, Valdés y Espinosa (1994) reconoció cuatro especies dentro del denominado grupo cromático Chromodoris clenchi: C. clenchi, C. neona, C. binza y C. britoi. En esta interpretación, C. clenchi se consideraba una especie principalmente caribeña, mientras que C. britoi era la forma propia del Atlántico oriental y del Mediterráneo.

Posteriormente, los análisis filogenéticos de Johnson y Gosliner (2012) demostraron que el tradicional género Chromodoris no constituía un grupo monofilético que incluyera a las especies atlánticas, y situaron a C. clenchi y otras especies atlánticas y del Pacífico oriental en Felimida Marcus, 1971.

La situación se clarificó considerablemente con el estudio molecular de Padula et al. (2016), que combinó datos de ADN mitocondrial, análisis de delimitación de especies y caracteres de la anatomía reproductora. Los resultados no apoyaron la separación tradicional de las cuatro especies nominales y reconocieron tres linajes: una F. clenchi redefinida, una F. binza redefinida y una especie brasileña no descrita en aquel momento. Como consecuencia, F. neona pasó a considerarse sinónimo de F. clenchi, mientras que F. britoi fue incluida en la sinonimia de F. binza. El estudio demostró además que F. clenchi presenta un grado considerable de polimorfismo cromático.

La clasificación actualmente seguida por WoRMS/MolluscaBase acepta Felimida clenchi (Russell, 1935) y mantiene Glossodoris clenchi como basiónimo y Chromodoris clenchi como combinación anterior; Felimida neona figura como sinónimo.

Sinónimos

• Chromodoris clenchi (Russell, 1935)
• Glossodoris clenchi Russell, 1935
• Felimida neona (Marcus, 1955)

Descripción
Este doridáceo tiene el cuerpo ovalado, con el dorso relativamente liso y el manto bien desarrollado. Puede alcanzar aproximadamente 30 mm de longitud, aunque la especie fue descrita originalmente a partir de un ejemplar de solamente 9 mm. La coloración externa es muy variable, característica que constituye uno de los aspectos más interesantes de la especie. En ejemplares incluidos en el concepto actualmente aceptado de F. clenchi, el cuerpo puede presentar tonalidades rojizas, rosadas o blanquecinas, sobre las que destacan manchas opacas blancas o azuladas formando dibujos complejos. Las manchas claras pueden estar delimitadas por finas líneas amarillas, mientras que el borde del manto presenta una línea roja y, hacia el interior, una banda submarginal blanca relativamente ancha, con prolongaciones redondeadas hacia la zona interna del manto. Los rinóforos y las hojas branquiales presentan tonalidades azuladas a violáceas. Otra descripción de ejemplares caribeños caracteriza el fondo como azul pálido, cubierto por un patrón rojo denso que deja pequeñas áreas circulares del color de fondo; hacia los rinóforos y el penacho branquial el rojo puede adquirir tonalidades amarillentas. El margen del manto presenta una banda blanca submarginal bordeada por una línea roja, mientras que los rinóforos y las branquias son blancos con el raquis de color púrpura. Esta variabilidad cromática no debe interpretarse automáticamente como indicativa de especies diferentes. Precisamente, los análisis moleculares de Padula et al. (2016) demostraron que ejemplares con patrones de color notablemente distintos pueden pertenecer al mismo linaje, y que el complejo F. clenchi presenta un polimorfismo cromático extremo. Esta constatación fue especialmente importante porque buena parte de la historia taxonómica del grupo se había basado en diferencias de coloración externa.

Biología
Felimida clenchi es una especie del Atlántico occidental tropical y subtropical. Los registros disponibles la sitúan generalmente en ambientes someros, sobre fondos duros y en asociación con esponjas. En Bocas del Toro (Panamá) se encontraron ejemplares bajo piedras y sobre esponjas, en un intervalo de aproximadamente 0-30 m de profundidad. Como otros miembros de Chromodorididae, F. clenchi es un nudibranquio espongívoro. Existe además una observación directa de ejemplares alimentándose sobre una esponja de color púrpura en West Palm Beach (Florida), a unos 4,5 m de profundidad; la identificación de la esponja fue considerada por Rudman como probablemente perteneciente al género Chelonaplysilla, aunque no se confirmó específicamente. La reproducción de F. clenchi está documentada mediante observaciones de las puestas. Ortea, Valdés y Espinosa (1994) describieron la puesta como una cinta de huevos enrollada en espiral. Los huevos se disponen en filas irregulares entre los dos márgenes longitudinales de la cinta; en los ejemplares estudiados, cada fila vertical podía contener hasta unos 12 huevos. Los huevos presentaban una longitud entre 92,6 y 108,3 μm y una anchura entre 86,1 y 93,5 μm, mientras que las cápsulas medían aproximadamente 105 – 119 μm. El marcado polimorfismo cromático de la especie ha sido relacionado por Padula et al. (2016) con posibles fenómenos de mimetismo regional dentro del complejo, aunque esta interpretación se refiere a la evolución de la coloración y no implica un comportamiento de mimetismo activo por parte del animal.

Etimología

• Felimida. El origen exacto del nombre genérico Felimida no fue explicado por Eveline Marcus cuando estableció el género en 1971. Johnson y Gosliner (2012) utilizan el nombre Felimida para el linaje de especies atlánticas y del Pacífico oriental que anteriormente se incluían en Chromodoris, pero no proporcionan una etimología del género. Algunas fuentes posteriores han sugerido una posible relación con “Felis”, en referencia a la conocida afición de Eveline Marcus por los gatos, pero esta interpretación no está documentada como explicación original de Marcus.
• Clenchi. Dedicada al Dr. William James Clench, (1897-1984), conservador de moluscos entre 1926 y 1966 en el Museo de Zoología Comparada de la Universidad de Harvard, EE.UU. Fundó (en 1941) y editó la revista “Johnsonia” (llamada así en honor de Charles Willison Johnson). Aunque el propio Clench estaba principalmente interesado en los moluscos de agua dulce y terrestres, también publicó bastantes trabajos sobre moluscos marinos y tuvo varios estudiantes muy conocidos que trabajaron en fauna marina (Rehder, Tucker Abbott, Ruth Turner, Rosewater, Robert Robertson, etc.).

Distribución
La distribución que actualmente puede atribuirse con mayor seguridad a Felimida clenchi se centra en el Atlántico occidental tropical y subtropical. Incluye el golfo de México, el mar Caribe, las Bahamas, Florida, las Bermudas, las Antillas y diversos sectores de la costa continental del Atlántico occidental, con registros que se extienden desde América Central y el norte de Sudamérica hasta Brasil. Entre las localidades publicadas se encuentran Costa Rica, Panamá, Colombia, Venezuela, Cuba, Jamaica, Curaçao, las islas Caimán, Santa Lucía, San Vicente y las Granadinas, así como Florida y las Bermudas.

Algunos registros históricos deben tratarse con cautela. Antes de la revisión molecular de Padula et al. (2016), los límites entre F. clenchi, F. binza, F. neona y F. britoi se establecían en buena medida a partir de patrones de coloración externa, que posteriormente demostraron ser muy variables y poco fiables para la delimitación de especies. Por ello, las citas antiguas atribuidas a C. clenchi deben ser reevaluadas a la luz de las evidencias taxonómicas y moleculares aportadas por Padula et al. (2016).

Actualmente, Felimida clenchi no debe considerarse parte de la fauna mediterránea. No obstante, existen registros históricos mediterráneos que explican por qué la especie ha sido citada ocasionalmente en la región. Un caso particularmente bien documentado es el de Ashqelon, Israel, donde Mienis (1983) publicó un ejemplar de la costa mediterránea bajo el nombre Chromodoris clenchi. Ortea, Valdés y Espinosa (1994) reexaminaron posteriormente este ejemplar y consideraron que sus caracteres externos correspondían a C. britoi, aunque señalaron que sería necesario un estudio anatómico para una confirmación definitiva. En la misma revisión, asignaron las poblaciones mediterráneas y del Atlántico oriental a C. britoi, mientras que restringieron C. clenchi al Atlántico occidental. Esta interpretación se mantuvo posteriormente en la literatura, y el atlas de la CIESM sobre moluscos exóticos consideró explícitamente que el registro mediterráneo publicado como Chromodoris clenchi correspondía a Chromodoris britoi Ortea & Pérez, 1983.

Los registros históricos de las Azores presentan un problema taxonómico similar. Gosliner (1990) identificó como Chromodoris clenchi ejemplares procedentes de São Miguel, con registros en Mosteiros, Ponta da Pirámide e Ilhéu de Vila Franca. Posteriormente, Cervera et al. (2004) incluyeron las Azores dentro del área de distribución de C. britoi, citando explícitamente a Gosliner (1990) como fuente original. Sin embargo, estudios morfológicos y moleculares posteriores demostraron que la forma del Atlántico oriental denominada C. britoi pertenece al mismo linaje que F. binza. Por ello, Padula et al. (2016) trataron F. britoi como sinónimo posterior de F. binza.

En consecuencia, ni los registros históricos mediterráneos ni los registros de las Azores identificados originalmente como C. clenchi deben considerarse evidencias de la presencia actual de Felimida clenchi en estas regiones. Más bien, reflejan la confusión taxonómica histórica que ha afectado al complejo de especies de F. clenchi y, de acuerdo con la interpretación actual, son atribuibles a Felimida binza.  

Otras fotos

Bibliografía

1246567 Felimida clenchi 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 22090 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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McDonald, G. (2009). Bibliographia Nudibranchia. 2nd Online Edition, Annotated. 1072 pp  Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz. Disponible en: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8115h0wz
Mienis, H. K. (1983). A west-Atlantic nudibranch: Chromodoris clenchi, off Ashqelon, Israel. Levantina (Israel Malacological Society) (45):527-528.
Ortea, J. A., Pérez, J. M. (1983). Dos Chromodorididae “violeta” del Atlántico Nordeste. Vieraea 12 (1-2): 61-74.
Ortea, J., Valdés, A., Espinosa, J. (1994). North Atlantic nudibranchs of the Chromodoris clenchi colour group (Opisthobranchia: Chromodorididae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 60: 237-248.
Ortea, J., Espinosa, J., Caballer, M., Buske, Y. (2012). Initial inventory of the seaslugs (Opisthobranchia and Sacoglossa) from the expedition Karubentos, held in May 2012 in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias 24: 153-182.
Padula, V., Bahia, J., Stögera, I., Camacho-García, Y., Malaquias, M. A. E., Cervera, J. L., Schrödl, M. (2016). A test of color-based taxonomy in nudibranchs: molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of the Felimida clenchi (Mollusca: Chromodorididae) species complex. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 103, 215-229.
Russell, H. D. (1935). Some nudibranchs of Bermuda, with a description of a new species. Nautilus 49(2):59-61, pl 4.
Trainito, E., Doneddu, M. (2014). Nudibranchi del Mediterraneo (2nd.). Il Castello.
Valdés, A. (2000). Colombian Chromodoris clenchi is C. binza. [Message in] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney.
WoRMS Editorial Board. (2026). World Register of Marine Species. WoRMS. Disponible en: http://www.marinespecies.org
Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

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• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon

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