Aeolidioidea
Los Eolidáceos se diferencian de los demás nudibranquios por su cuerpo estilizado y por la presencia de grupos de papilas, denominadas cerata, en el dorso y lados del cuerpo. La coloración de los eolidáceos suele ser muy vistosa, principalmente la de las papilas dorsales. La cabeza tiene en su parte frontal los tentáculos orales, largos y finos, y los rinóforos en el dorso, que pueden ser lisos o disponer de laminillas o verrugas.
Nemesignis banyulensis por Enric Madrenas
La glándula digestiva está muy ramificada y sus ramificaciones, en forma de conducto hueco, penetran en el interior de cada cerata. En muchas especies el extremo de la glándula digestiva de cada cerata se dilata formando un pequeño saco esférico llamado cnidosaco que comunica con el exterior a través de un poro, el cnidoporo situado en la punta del cerata. Tienen respiración cutánea ya que carecen de branquias definidas y utilizan también los cerata para el intercambio de gases. La rádula es estrecha, con una sólo hilera de dientes (monoseriada) o o con 3 dientes en cada hilera (triseriada); generalmente hay un par de mandíbulas córneas en la parte anterior del bulbo bucal. Los orificios anal y genital están situados a la derecha del cuerpo. El pie puede diferenciar en su zona anterior un par de palpos propodiales, cortos y de forma triangular. Las presas de los Eolidáceos son principalmente Cnidarios: pólipos de hidrozoos, medusas y anémonas. Esta especialización alimentaria proporciona a estos nudibranquios un mecanismo de defensa de gran interés biológico, puesto que son capaces de utilizar para su propia defensa las cápsulas urticantes o cnidocistos procedentes de sus presas. Por causas que se desconocen aún, estos cnidocistos ni se descargan ni son digeridos por los jugos digestivos del nudibranquio y además, a través de las ramificaciones de la glándula digestiva llegan a los cnidosacos de la punta de los cerata, donde se guardan. Estos cnidocistos pueden ser expulsados al exterior en contacto con el posible depredador, donde se descargan y efectúan su acción defensiva. Algunas especies se han especializado en alimentarse de huevos de peces, de crustáceos cirrípedos o incluso de otras especies de nudibranquios. Los eolidáceos se suelen encontrar sobre colonias de hidrozoos, frecuentemente la misma especie que depredan, y donde suelen depositar sus puestas que suelen ser en forma de cordón enrollado de variadas maneras. En otras ocasiones se les puede localizar en la cara inferior de las piedras cerca de anémonas incluso a muy poca profundidad o bien deambulando en paredes rocosas con abundancia de algas e invertebrados.
Los eolidaceos se clasificaban dentro del Parvorder Aeolidida que contenía tres Superfamilias Aeolidioidea, Fionoidea y Flabellinoidea. Bouchet et al. (2017) propone no utilizar estos Parvórdenes en los Cladobranchia, por lo que las Superfamilias mencionadas pasarian a ser hermanas de otras Superfamilias de Cladobranchia, como Arminoidea o Dendronotoidea, que anteriormente estaban contenidas en sus propios Parvórdenes.
Clasificación
La taxonomía de Aeolidáceos propuesta por Bouchet et al. (2017) y aceptada por WoRMS es:
- Superfamilia Aeolidioidea Gray, 1827
- Familia Aeolidiidae Gray, 1827
- Género Aeolidia Cuvier, 1798
- Género Aeolidiella Bergh, 1867
- Género Anteaeolidiella M. C. Miller, 2001
- Género Baeolidia Bergh, 1888
- Género Berghia Trinchese, 1877
- Género Bulbaeolidia Carmona, Pola, Gosliner & Cervera, 2013
- Género Cerberilla Bergh, 1873
- Género Limenandra Haefelfinger & Stamm, 1958
- Género Spurilla Bergh, 1864
- Género Zeusia Korshunova, Zimina & Martynov, 2017
- Familia Babakinidae Roller, 1973
- Género Babakina Roller, 1973
- Familia Facelinidae Bergh, 1889
- Género Adfacelina Millen & Hermosillo, 2012
- Género Algarvia Garcia-Gomez & Cervera, 1990
- Género Amanda Macnae, 1954
- Género Anetarca Gosliner, 1991
- Género Antonietta Schmekel, 1966
- Género Austraeolis Burn, 1962
- Género Bajaeolis Gosliner & Behrens, 1986
- Género Burnaia M. C. Miller, 2001
- Género Caloria Trinchese, 1888
- Género Cratena Bergh, 1864
- Género Echinopsole Macnae, 1954
- Género Emarcusia Roller, 1972
- Género Facelina Alder & Hancock, 1855
- Género Facelinopsis Pruvot-Fol, 1954
- Género Dicata Schmekel, 1967
- Género Favorinus Gray, 1850
- Género Hermosita Gosliner & Behrens, 1986
- Género Herviella Baba, 1949
- Género Jason M. C. Miller, 1974
- Género Learchis Bergh, 1896
- Género Moridilla Bergh, 1888
- Género Noumeaella Risbec, 1937
- Género Palisa Edmunds, 1964
- Género Pauleo Millen & Hamann, 1992
- Género Phidiana Gray, 1850
- Género Pruvotfolia J. Tardy, 1970
- Género Pteraeolidia Bergh, 1875
- Género Sakuraeolis Baba, 1965
- Género Setoeolis Baba & Hamatani, 1965
- Família Myrrhinidae Bergh, 1905
- Género Godiva Macnae, 1954
- Género Hermissenda Bergh, 1879
- Género Nanuca Er. Marcus, 1957
- Género Nemesignis Furfaro & Mariottini, 2021
- Género Phyllodesmium Ehrenberg, 1831
- Familia Flabellinopsidae Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, Saito, Lundin, Schrödl & Picton, 2017
- Género Baenopsis Korshunova, Martynov, Bakken, Evertsen, Fletcher, Mudianta, Saito, Lundin, Schrödl & Picton, 2017
- Género Flabellinopsis MacFarland, 1966
- Familia Glaucidae Gray, 1827
- Género Glaucus Forster, 1777
- Familia Notaeolidiidae Eliot, 1910
- Género Notaeolidia Eliot, 1905
- Familia Piseinotecidae Edmunds, 1970
- Género Piseinotecus Er. Marcus, 1955
- Familia Pleurolidiidae Burn, 1966
- Género Pleurolidia Burn, 1966
- Género Protaeolidiella Baba, 1955
Especies de aeolidáceos citadas en el Mediterráneo o alrededor de la Península Ibérica:
Bibliografía
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Aeolidioidea
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Bouchet, P., J. P. Rocroi, B. Hausdorf, A. Kaim, Y. Kano, A. Nützel, P. Parkhaev, M. Schrödl, and E. Strong. 2017. Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia. 61: 1–526.
Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.
