Trapania lineata

Trapania lineata Haefelfinger, 1960

Trapania lineata por Enric Madrenas

Nota taxonómica: El estudio de Paz-Sedano et al. (2022) sobre el género Trapania llevó a cabo un análisis morfológico y molecular exhaustivo, concluyendo que Trapania hispalensis y Trapania pallida no representan especies distintas, sino que forman parte de la variabilidad intraespecífica de Trapania lineata. El estudio comparó en detalle las estructuras anatómicas y la coloración de las tres especies en diferentes localizaciones. Se observó que las diferencias en la pigmentación, particularmente en la distribución de líneas blancas y la presencia de manchas blancas o amarillas, se encontraban dentro del rango de variabilidad natural para una misma especie. Esto fue especialmente evidente en especímenes de diferentes localidades que exhibían combinaciones de rasgos atribuidos tanto a T. hispalensis como a T. pallida, sin patrones consistentes de diferenciación. Además, las estructuras externas como los rinóforos, las branquias y los apéndices extrabranquiales y extrarrinoforales mostraron una morfología idéntica en las tres supuestas especies. Las diferencias en el tamaño y número de laminillas en los rinóforos se atribuyeron a variación intraespecífica y no a una distinción taxonómica válida. El análisis de la rádula y el sistema reproductor reveló que T. hispalensis, T. pallida y T. lineata comparten una estructura idéntica en los dentículos y la fórmula radular, sin diferencias significativas, aunque a veces se observaron variaciones incluso entre los dientes de una misma rádula. Las estructuras del sistema reproductor, incluyendo la forma del pene y la glándula prostática, también fueron virtualmente idénticas en los tres taxones. El análisis genético basado en secuencias de ADN mitocondrial y nuclear también confirmó que no había diferencias genéticas significativas entre T. hispalensis, T. pallida y T. lineata. Los especímenes estudiados pertenecían al mismo clado monofilético con niveles muy bajos de divergencia genética, indicando claramente que son parte de una misma especie. La antigua T. pallida aparece separada ligeramente de las otras dos especies a nivel genético, probablemente debido al aislamiento geográfico, pero no lo suficiente como para ser considerada una especie distinta. Sin embargo, hallazgos recientes de esta especie en el Mediterráneo cerca de morfotipos locales sugieren que podría no terminar como una especie diferente en el futuro.

Sinónimos

• Trapania hispalensis Cervera & García-Gómez, 1989
• Trapania pallida Kress, 1968

Descripción
Este es un pequeño nudibranquio doridáceo con cuerpo limaciforme, relativamente grueso, que puede alcanzar una longitud máxima de unos 20 mm, aunque generalmente mide entre 10 y 15 mm. El cuerpo es más grueso en su área central, y tiene un color base blanco translúcido que permite ver, por transparencia, la masa visceral marrón interna. El dorso a menudo está decorado con finas líneas blancas iridiscentes que recorren la espalda, los lados, la cabeza, los tentáculos orales, los rinóforos, la cola y, en ciertos casos, también a lo largo del tallo de las hojas branquiales. Una característica distintiva de esta especie es la presencia de apéndices extrabranquiales y extrarrinoforales cilíndricos ubicados en los lados externos de los rinóforos y las branquias. Estos apéndices están dirigidos hacia atrás y ligeramente hacia adentro, con sus puntas distales, junto con las de los rinóforos, branquias, palpos propodiales y cola, a menudo coloreadas de amarillo a amarillo-anaranjado, a veces blanco (en el antiguo morfotipo T. pallida). Los rinóforos son relativamente largos y anchos, con unas 10-12 laminillas no retráctiles en su porción distal, con la parte basal coincidiendo con el color del cuerpo. La branquia consta de tres grandes hojas branquiales tripinnadas, siendo la central la más grande. Una pequeña papila anal de color beige se encuentra justo detrás de las branquias. Los tentáculos orales tienen forma de dedo y a menudo están pigmentados de amarillo-anaranjado, a veces blanco. El pie es relativamente estrecho, coincidiendo con el color del cuerpo. Los tentáculos propodiales son anchos en la base, curvados hacia atrás, y pueden ser total o parcialmente amarillos, a veces blancos. La cola es puntiaguda y puede tener una punta naranja (a veces blanca).

Biología
Se encuentra comúnmente en sustratos rocosos, a menudo en ambientes poco iluminados como cuevas o salientes con abundancia de esponjas. Generalmente se asocia con esponjas del género Ircinia, hábitat de los entoproctos (Kamptozoa) del género Loxosomella (Cattaneo-Vietti et al. 1990), pequeños invertebrados sésiles que crecen sobre las esponjas, que son su principal fuente de alimento. La temporada reproductiva ocurre entre marzo y junio, con la puesta consistiendo en una estructura en forma de cinta de unos 25 mm de largo y 2 mm de ancho, que contiene huevos blancos de aproximadamente 80 micras de diámetro. Esta especie es a menudo parasitada por copépodos del género Splanchnotrophus, que se adhieren cerca de las branquias y abrazan la masa visceral.

Etimología

• Trapania. El nombre genérico original de esta especie era Drepania, propuesto por Lafont en 1874. Pruvot-Fol en 1931 propone cambiar el nombre genérico a Trapania para desambiguarlo de Drepania Hübner, 1816 (un grupo de lepidópteros). Madame Pruvot-Fol no indica la procedencia del nombre, pero hay dos teorías: la primera seria dedicada a la ciudad de Trápani, capital de provincia de la Sicilia occidental; la segunda seria derivada del nombre genérico original Drepania, derivado del griego “Drepane” que significa «hoz» y presumiblemente se refiere a la forma de los apéndices situados a los lados de los rinóforos y branquias en este género. Pruvot Fol habría elegido el nuevo nombre en base a que tiene el mismo sentido, pero no el mismo sonido y evitar así confusiones.
• Lineata. Del Latín “lineatus”, con líneas, rayado.

Distribución
Esta especie se distribuye por todo el Atlántico nororiental y el mar Mediterráneo. Se ha registrado desde las Islas Británicas, la bahía de Arcachon (Francia) hasta el estrecho de Gibraltar en el Atlántico, y a través del Mediterráneo, incluyendo Francia, Cerdeña, Turquía y la costa mediterránea ibérica, incluyendo las Islas Baleares. Existen registros notables de localidades como Es Caials, Cadaqués, L’Escala, Islas Medas, Palamós, Islas Formigues, Blanes, Mataró y La Pineda (Salou).

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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

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