Felimida clenchi

Felimida clenchi (Russell, 1935)

Felimida clenchi @ Lake Worth Lagoon, West Palm Beach, Florida, USA 6-08-2007 per Anne DuPont

Nota taxonòmica: Les espècies europees atlàntiques i mediterrànies dels gèneres Hypselodoris i Chromodoris, després de l´anàlisi molecular dels Chromodorididae de Johnson & Gosliner (2012, Traditional Taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular Phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs. PLoS ONE 7 (4): 33479) s´han inclòs en els gèneres Felimare Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1967 (les espècies d´Hypselodoris) i Felimida Ev. Marcus, 1971 (les espècies del gènere Chromodoris).

Felimida clenchi va ser descrita originalment per Henry D. Russell l’any 1935 amb el nom Glossodoris clenchi, a partir d’un únic exemplar de 9 mm recol·lectat a Ferry Beach, Bermudes. La descripció original va ser publicada a The Nautilus i incloïa il·lustracions de l’animal en vista dorsal i ventral, a més de detalls dels rinòfors i de les brànquies. Russell no va descriure les estructures internes ni va realitzar un estudi de la ràdula.

La història posterior de l’espècie va estar marcada per una notable confusió amb altres cromodorídids de coloració semblant. L’any 1955, Eveline Marcus va descriure Glossodoris neona a partir d’exemplars de São Paulo (Brasil), i posteriorment aquest nom va ser tractat per diferents autors com a espècie independent o com a sinònim de F. clenchi. L’any 1963, Eveline i Ernst Marcus van descriure Chromodoris binza de Curaçao, mentre que Ortea i Pérez van descriure l’any 1983 Chromodoris britoi de les illes Canàries. Aquestes espècies van passar a formar un complex d’espècies caracteritzat per patrons cromàtics semblants.

La revisió d’Ortea, Valdés i Espinosa (1994) va reconèixer quatre espècies dins de l’anomenat grup cromàtic Chromodoris clenchi: C. clenchi, C. neona, C. binza i C. britoi. En aquesta interpretació, C. clenchi era considerada una espècie principalment caribenya, mentre que C. britoi era la forma pròpia de l’Atlàntic oriental i la Mediterrània.

Posteriorment, les anàlisis filogenètiques de Johnson i Gosliner (2012) van demostrar que el gènere tradicional Chromodoris no constituïa un grup monofilètic que inclogués les espècies atlàntiques, i van situar C. clenchi i altres espècies atlàntiques i del Pacífic oriental dins de Felimida Marcus, 1971.

La situació es va aclarir considerablement amb l’estudi molecular de Padula et al. (2016), que va combinar dades d’ADN mitocondrial, anàlisis de delimitació d’espècies i caràcters de l’anatomia reproductora. Els resultats no van donar suport a la separació tradicional de les quatre espècies nominals i van reconèixer tres llinatges: una F. clenchi redefinida, una F. binza redefinida i una espècie brasilera que encara no havia estat descrita en aquell moment. Com a conseqüència, F. neona va passar a considerar-se sinònim de F. clenchi, mentre que F. britoi va ser inclosa en la sinonímia de F. binza. L’estudi va demostrar, a més, que F. clenchi presenta un grau considerable de polimorfisme cromàtic.

La classificació seguida actualment per WoRMS/MolluscaBase accepta Felimida clenchi (Russell, 1935) i manté Glossodoris clenchi com a basionim i Chromodoris clenchi com a combinació anterior; Felimida neona hi figura com a sinònim.

Sinònims

• Chromodoris clenchi (Russell, 1935)
• Glossodoris clenchi Russell, 1935
• Felimida neona (Marcus, 1955)

Descripció
Aquest doridaci té el cos ovalat, amb el dors relativament llis i el mantell ben desenvolupat. Pot assolir aproximadament 30 mm de longitud, tot i que l’espècie va ser descrita originalment a partir d’un exemplar de només 9 mm. La coloració externa és molt variable, una característica que constitueix un dels aspectes més interessants de l’espècie. En els exemplars inclosos en el concepte actualment acceptat de F. clenchi, el cos pot presentar tonalitats vermelloses, rosades o blanquinoses, sobre les quals destaquen taques opaques blanques o blavoses que formen dibuixos complexos. Les taques clares poden estar delimitades per fines línies grogues, mentre que la vora del mantell presenta una línia vermella i, cap a l’interior, una banda submarginal blanca relativament ampla, amb prolongacions arrodonides cap a la zona interna del mantell. Els rinòfors i les fulles branquials presenten tonalitats blavoses a violàcies. Una altra descripció d’exemplars caribenys caracteritza el fons com de color blau pàl·lid, cobert per un patró vermell dens que deixa petites àrees circulars del color de fons; cap als rinòfors i el plomall branquial, el vermell pot adquirir tonalitats groguenques. El marge del mantell presenta una banda blanca submarginal vorejada per una línia vermella, mentre que els rinòfors i les brànquies són blancs, amb el raquis de color porpra. Aquesta variabilitat cromàtica no s’ha d’interpretar automàticament com a indicativa d’espècies diferents. Precisament, les anàlisis moleculars de Padula et al. (2016) van demostrar que exemplars amb patrons de coloració notablement diferents poden pertànyer al mateix llinatge, i que el complex F. clenchi presenta un polimorfisme cromàtic extrem. Aquesta constatació va ser especialment important perquè bona part de la història taxonòmica del grup s’havia basat en diferències de coloració externa.

Biologia
Felimida clenchi és una espècie de l’Atlàntic occidental tropical i subtropical. Els registres disponibles la situen generalment en ambients somers, sobre fons durs i associada a esponges. A Bocas del Toro (Panamà) es van trobar exemplars sota pedres i sobre esponges, en un interval d’aproximadament 0-30 m de profunditat. Com altres membres de la família Chromodorididae, F. clenchi és un nudibranqui espongívor. Existeix, a més, una observació directa d’exemplars alimentant-se sobre una esponja de color porpra a West Palm Beach (Florida), a uns 4,5 m de profunditat; la identificació de l’esponja va ser considerada per Rudman com a probablement pertanyent al gènere Chelonaplysilla, tot i que no es va confirmar específicament. La reproducció de F. clenchi està documentada mitjançant observacions de les postes. Ortea, Valdés i Espinosa (1994) van descriure la posta com una cinta d’ous enrotllada en espiral. Els ous es disposen en fileres irregulars entre les dues vores longitudinals de la cinta; en els exemplars estudiats, cada filera vertical podia contenir fins a uns 12 ous. Els ous presentaven una longitud d’entre 92,6 i 108,3 μm i una amplada d’entre 86,1 i 93,5 μm, mentre que les càpsules mesuraven aproximadament entre 105 i 119 μm. El marcat polimorfisme cromàtic de l’espècie ha estat relacionat per Padula et al. (2016) amb possibles fenòmens de mimetisme regional dins del complex, tot i que aquesta interpretació es refereix a l’evolució de la coloració i no implica un comportament de mimetisme actiu per part de l’animal.

Etimologia

• Felimida. El origen exacto del nombre genérico Felimida no fue explicado por Eveline Marcus cuando estableció el género en 1971. Johnson y Gosliner (2012) utilizan el nombre Felimida para el linaje de especies atlánticas y del Pacífico oriental que anteriormente se incluían en Chromodoris, pero no proporcionan una etimología del género. Algunas fuentes posteriores han sugerido una posible relación con “Felis”, en referencia a la conocida afición de Eveline Marcus por los gatos, pero esta interpretación no está documentada como explicación original de Marcus.
• Clenchi. Dedicada al Dr. William James Clench, (1897-1984), conservador de mol·luscs entre 1926 i 1966 al Museu de Zoologia Comparada de la Universitat de Harvard, EUA. Va fundar (el 1941) i va editar la revista “Johnsonia” (anomenada així en honor de Charles Willison Johnson). Tot i que el propi Clench estava principalment interessat en els mol·luscs d’aigua dolça i terrestres, també va publicar força treballs sobre mol·luscs marins i va tenir diversos estudiants molt coneguts que van treballar en fauna marina (Rehder, Tucker Abbott, Ruth Turner, Rosewater, Robert Robertson, etc.).

Distribució
La distribució que actualment es pot atribuir amb més seguretat a Felimida clenchi se centra a l’Atlàntic occidental tropical i subtropical. Inclou el golf de Mèxic, el mar Carib, les Bahames, Florida, les Bermudes, les Antilles i diversos sectors de la costa continental de l’Atlàntic occidental, amb registres que s’estenen des de l’Amèrica Central i el nord de Sud-amèrica fins al Brasil. Entre les localitats publicades es troben Costa Rica, Panamà, Colòmbia, Veneçuela, Cuba, Jamaica, Curaçao, les illes Caiman, Santa Lucia, Sant Vicenç i les Grenadines, així com Florida i les Bermudes.

Alguns registres històrics s’han de tractar amb cautela. Abans de la revisió molecular de Padula et al. (2016), els límits entre F. clenchi, F. binza, F. neona i F. britoi s’establien en bona mesura a partir de patrons de coloració externa, que posteriorment van demostrar ser molt variables i poc fiables per a la delimitació d’espècies. Per això, les cites antigues atribuïdes a C. clenchi s’han de reavaluar a la llum de les evidències taxonòmiques i moleculars aportades per Padula et al. (2016).

Actualment, Felimida clenchi no s’ha de considerar part de la fauna mediterrània. No obstant això, existeixen registres històrics mediterranis que expliquen per què l’espècie ha estat citada ocasionalment a la regió. Un cas particularment ben documentat és el d’Ashqelon, Israel, on Mienis (1983) va publicar un exemplar de la costa mediterrània sota el nom Chromodoris clenchi. Ortea, Valdés i Espinosa (1994) van reexaminar posteriorment aquest exemplar i van considerar que els seus caràcters externs corresponien a C. britoi, tot i que van assenyalar que caldria un estudi anatòmic per obtenir-ne una confirmació definitiva. En la mateixa revisió, van assignar les poblacions mediterrànies i de l’Atlàntic oriental a C. britoi, mentre que van restringir C. clenchi a l’Atlàntic occidental. Aquesta interpretació es va mantenir posteriorment en la literatura, i l’atles de la CIESM sobre mol·luscs exòtics va considerar explícitament que el registre mediterrani publicat com Chromodoris clenchi corresponia a Chromodoris britoi Ortea & Pérez, 1983.

Els registres històrics de les Açores presenten un problema taxonòmic similar. Gosliner (1990) va identificar com a Chromodoris clenchi exemplars procedents de São Miguel, amb registres a Mosteiros, Ponta da Piràmide i l’Ilhéu de Vila Franca. Posteriorment, Cervera et al. (2004) van incloure les Açores dins de l’àrea de distribució de C. britoi, citant explícitament Gosliner (1990) com a font original. Tanmateix, estudis morfològics i moleculars posteriors van demostrar que la forma de l’Atlàntic oriental denominada C. britoi pertany al mateix llinatge que F. binza. Per aquest motiu, Padula et al. (2016) van tractar F. britoi com a sinònim posterior de F. binza.

En conseqüència, ni els registres històrics mediterranis ni els registres de les Açores identificats originalment com a C. clenchi no s’han de considerar evidències de la presència actual de Felimida clenchi en aquestes regions. Més aviat, reflecteixen la confusió taxonòmica històrica que ha afectat el complex d’espècies de F. clenchi i, d’acord amb la interpretació actual, són atribuïbles a Felimida binza.  

Altres fotos

Bibliografia

1246567 Felimida clenchi 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 22090 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Avila, C., Azevedo, J. M. N., Gonçalves, J. M., Fontes, J., Cardigos, F. (2000). Checklist of the shallow-water marine molluscs of the Azores: 2 – São Miguel island. Açoreana, 9(2), 139-173.
Ballesteros, M., Madrenas, E., Pontes, M. (2026). OPK - Opistobranquis. Disponible en: https://opistobranquis.info/ [Accedido 6 de marzo de 2026]
Caballer, M., Narciso, S., Rivero, N., Carias-Tucker, G. (2022). Nudibranquios y otras babosas marinas de Venezuela. Explora Ediciones.
Caballer, M., Ortea, J., Rivero, N., Carias-Tucker, G., Malaquías, M. A. E., Narciso, S. (2015). The opisthobranch gastropods (Mollusca: Heterobranchia) from Venezuela: an annotated and illustrated inventory of species. Zootaxa 4034 (2): 201–256.
Cervera, J. L., Calado, G., Gavaia, C., Malaquías, M. A. E., Templado, J., Ballesteros, M., García-Gómez, J. C., Megina, C. (2004). An annotated and updated checklist of the opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Spain and Portugal (including islands and archipelagos). Boletín Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 20(1-4), 1-111.
De Oliveira, P. G., Henryco, B., Ardila, N. E., Schrödl, M., Padula, V. (2025). From discovery to reclassification: a new genus and taxonomic revision of Rudmania grahami (Thompson, 1980) comb. nov. (Mollusca, Nudibranchia, Chromodorididae). Marine Biodiversity, 55(6), 116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-025-01595-0
Goodheart, J. A., Ellingson, R. A., Vital, X. G., Galvão Filho, H. C., McCarthy, J. B., Medrano, S. M., Bhave, V. J. et al. (2016). Identification guide to the heterobranch sea slugs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Bocas del Toro, Panama. Marine Biodiversity Records, 9(1), 56. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41200-016-0048-z
Gosliner, T. M. (1990). Opisthobranch mollusks from the Azores Islands I; Runcinidae and Chromodorididae. Açoreana, supplement: 135-166.
Johnson, R. F., Gosliner, T. M. (2012). Traditional Taxonomic Groupings Mask Evolutionary History: A Molecular Phylogeny and New Classification of the Chromodorid Nudibranchs. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e33479.
Long, S. J. (2006). Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000. Bayside Books & Press, Tustin, CA, U.S.A. 672p.
Matsuda, S. B., Gosliner, T. M. (2018). Molecular phylogeny of Glossodoris (Ehrenberg, 1831) nudibranchs and related genera reveals cryptic and pseudocryptic species complexes. Cladistics, 34, 41-56. https://doi.org/10.1111/cla.12194
McDonald, G. (2009). Bibliographia Nudibranchia. 2nd Online Edition, Annotated. 1072 pp  Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz. Disponible en: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8115h0wz
Mienis, H. K. (1983). A west-Atlantic nudibranch: Chromodoris clenchi, off Ashqelon, Israel. Levantina (Israel Malacological Society) (45):527-528.
Ortea, J. A., Pérez, J. M. (1983). Dos Chromodorididae “violeta” del Atlántico Nordeste. Vieraea 12 (1-2): 61-74.
Ortea, J., Valdés, A., Espinosa, J. (1994). North Atlantic nudibranchs of the Chromodoris clenchi colour group (Opisthobranchia: Chromodorididae). Journal of Molluscan Studies 60: 237-248.
Ortea, J., Espinosa, J., Caballer, M., Buske, Y. (2012). Initial inventory of the seaslugs (Opisthobranchia and Sacoglossa) from the expedition Karubentos, held in May 2012 in Guadeloupe (Lesser Antilles, Caribbean Sea). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias 24: 153-182.
Padula, V., Bahia, J., Stögera, I., Camacho-García, Y., Malaquias, M. A. E., Cervera, J. L., Schrödl, M. (2016). A test of color-based taxonomy in nudibranchs: molecular phylogeny and species delimitation of the Felimida clenchi (Mollusca: Chromodorididae) species complex. Mol. Phyl. Evol. 103, 215-229.
Russell, H. D. (1935). Some nudibranchs of Bermuda, with a description of a new species. Nautilus 49(2):59-61, pl 4.
Trainito, E., Doneddu, M. (2014). Nudibranchi del Mediterraneo (2nd.). Il Castello.
Valdés, A. (2000). Colombian Chromodoris clenchi is C. binza. [Message in] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney.
WoRMS Editorial Board. (2026). World Register of Marine Species. WoRMS. Disponible en: http://www.marinespecies.org
Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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