Nudibranchia

Els nudibranquis son un grup de llimacs de mar que inclou els tradicionals nudibranquis cladohepàtics (eolidacis, arminacis i dendronotacis), més l’enigmàtic grup dels Doridoxidae, tots ells caracteritzats per tenir l’anus en posició lateral dreta i la glàndula digestiva més o menys ramificada.

Felimare tricolor per Enric Madrenas

Nudibranchia és grup molt divers de mol·luscs marins que inclou aproximadament 1000 espècies, si bé la manca d’estudis dóna com a resultat que aquest grup sigui poc conegut.

La història taxonòmica dels nudibranquis (Nudibranchia Cuvier, 1817) és un exemple paradigmàtic de com la biologia marina ha anat evolucionant des d’un enfocament essencialment morfològic cap a una síntesi filogenètica que integra dades anatòmiques, moleculars i ontogenètiques. Els nudibranquis, tradicionalment inclosos dins dels “opistobranquis”, eren considerats durant dècades un ordre d’aquest gran grup de mol·luscs gasteròpodes marins caracteritzats per la pèrdua de la closca en l’estat adult i per la presència de brànquies externes. Aquesta concepció clàssica —heretada de la zoologia del segle XIX— va mantenir-se viva fins ben entrat el segle XX, quan les primeres anàlisis morfològiques sistemàtiques van començar a revelar la complexitat interna del grup i la manca de monofília dels “Opisthobranchia”.

Els estudis de Heike Wägele (2000), basats en més d’un centenar de caràcters anatòmics i histològics, van ser decisius per consolidar la monofília de Nudibranchia i per establir una divisió primària en dos grans llinatges: Anthobranchia i Cladobranchia, diferenciats per la morfologia del cos i la disposició de les brànquies. Aquesta estructura bàsica va dominar la sistemàtica del grup durant gairebé dues dècades, fins que l’arribada de les tècniques moleculars va transformar radicalment la manera d’entendre les relacions internes dels heterobranquis.

A partir dels primers treballs moleculars i transcriptòmics del segle XXI (com els de Karmeinski et al., 2021), es va posar de manifest que moltes de les classificacions tradicionals eren artificials o paràfilètiques. Grups que havien estat definits per caràcters superficials -com la forma del cos o l’estructura dels cerata- resultaven ser heterogenis, mentre que altres llinatges aparentment dispersos mostraven una afinitat filogenètica inesperada. En aquest context, la noció clàssica de Nudibranchia com un conjunt d’”opistobranquis sense closca” va perdre sentit, i el focus es va desplaçar cap a una delimitació filogenèticament coherent dins del gran clade Heterobranchia.

El treball de Korshunova et al. (2025) representa, en aquest sentit, un punt d’inflexió fonamental. Els autors proposen una revisió profunda de la taxonomia dels nudibranquis basada en una combinació de dades morfològiques fines, observacions ontogenètiques i seqüències moleculars. El seu estudi denuncia el que anomenen “pseudo-optimització taxonòmica”: una tendència històrica a simplificar excessivament la classificació per ajustar-la a models jeràrquics rígids, suprimint així bona part de la diversitat real del grup.

Korshunova et al. (2025) restringeixen de manera explícita l’abast de l’ordre Nudibranchia, i hi reinstauren cinc subordres clàssics que havien estat progressivament fusionats o abandonats: Arminina, Tritonina, Dendronotina, Janolina i Aeolidina. Aquesta reestructuració retorna coherència filogenètica a la classificació i reconeix la independència evolutiva de diversos llinatges que abans s’havien aplegat sota denominacions artificioses com “Cladobranchia”. Especialment significativa és la revisió del subordre Aeolidina, dins del qual els autors identifiquen deu superfamílies clarament definides i vint-i-nou famílies, incloent-hi dues de nova descripció (Chudidae fam. nov. i Hantazuidae fam. nov.). També es restableix la superfamília Embletonioidea, la posició de la qual havia estat objecte de debat persistent en la literatura molecular.

Aquesta nova classificació, tot i complexa, ofereix un marc evolutiu més realista i evidencia que la diversitat dels nudibranquis és molt més alta del que s’havia suposat. L’enfocament integrador de Korshunova et al. (2025) defensa que només l’anàlisi conjunta de morfologia, genètica i desenvolupament pot evitar distorsions derivades de la “optimització” taxonòmica, i restituir així la riquesa evolutiva del grup. En definitiva, el seu treball redefineix Nudibranchia no com un residu dels antics “opistobranquis”, sinó com un clade ben delimitat dins dels Heterobranchia, on l’evolució de les formes corporals i dels sistemes defensius químics ha generat una diversitat que, com suggereix el títol de l’article, és realment “inacabable i extraordinàriament diferenciada”.

Els Nudibranchia, com a grup, no tenen una organització corporal homogènia: Els Aeolidioidea, Fionoidea, Flabellinoidea i Proctonotoidea tenen el cos allargat i grups de papil·les anomenades cerata a banda i banda del cos. Els Arminoidea tenen el cos de forma més o menys triangular i viuen en fons tous. Els Dendronotoidea i Tritonioidea tenen el cos allargat i prolongacions dendrítiques a banda i banda del cos. Els Doridoxoidea tenen la forma corporal dels nudibranquis doridacis, és a dir, aplanats dorsoventralment.

La taxonomia dels Cladobranchia proposada per Bouchet et al.(2017) i acceptada a WoRMS és:

Grups principals de nudibranquis:

Aeolidioidea

Arminoidea

Dendronotoidea

Embletonioidea

Fionoidea

Proctonotoidea

Tritonioidea

Bibliografia

1246567 Nudibranchia 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 235 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Wägele, H., Klussmann-Kolb, A., Verbeek, E., Schrödl, M. (2014). Flashback and foreshadowing-a review of the taxon Opisthobranchia. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 14(1), 133-149. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13127-013-0151-5
Wollscheid, E. (1998). Phylogeny of the Nudibranchia (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia) based on 18S rDNA and 16S mtDNA. Abstracts, World Congress of Malacology, Washington, D.C., 1998:358.
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.