Calma glaucoides

Calma glaucoides (Alder & Hancock, 1854 )

Calma glaucoides por Enric Madrenas

Nota taxonómica: Los análisis filogenéticos realizados por Cella et al. (2016) revelaron que la familia Tergipedidae tradicional es polifilética y pertenece a un clado monofilético mayor que incluye miembros de las familias tradicionales Eubranchidae, Fionidae y Calmidae; este fue un resultado inesperado, ya que la validez de estos taxones y su distinción de los Tergipedidae nunca había sido cuestionada antes. Se propone unir las familias Tergipedidae, Eubranchidae, Calmidae y Fionidae bajo el nombre de Fionidae. Esta decisión ha sido reinterpretada y completada en el trabajo de Korshunova et al. (2017) porque obviaba aspectos morfológicos y moleculares evidentes.

Hasta hace muy pocos años la única especie conocida del género Calma a nivel mundial era C. glaucoides, descrita como Eolis glaucoides por Alder & Hancock en 1854. Otra especie del mismo género, C. gobioophaga fue descrita recientemente gracias a ejemplares capturados en las costas de Portugal (Calado & Urgorri, 2002). El estudio de los ejemplares de las costas portuguesas ha permitido diferenciar en el género Calma dos especies simpátricas que coexisten en la misma área de distribución y viven en el mismo hábitat: C. glaucoides y C. gobioophaga.
Calado & Urgorri (2002) indican las principales diferencias entre las dos especies, entre las cuales destacan los tentáculos propodiales más largos en C. gobioophaga,  los ojos,  más grandes y situados inmediatamente detrás de la base de los rinóforos en C. gobioophaga, más pequeños y situados más atrás de la base de los rinóforos en C. glaucoides; riñón situado entre el segundo y el último grupo de ceratas en C. gobioophaga  y entre el segundo y quinto o sexto grupo de ceratas en C. glaucoides; tamaño algo más pequeño de los huevos en C. gobioophaga; alimentación a base de huevos de Gobius niger en C. gobioophaga y huevos de Lepadogaster lepadogaster, L. purpurea, L. candollei, Parablennius gattorugine o P. pilicornis en C. glaucoides. Muy recientemente Prkić et al. (2014) han realizado un estudio molecular (genes COI y 16S) de ejemplares croatas de diferentes localidades de C. glaucoides y de C. gobioophaga que confirman la separación de las dos especies.

Sinónimos

• Eolis albicans Friele & Hansen, 1876
• Eolis glaucoides Alder & Hancock, 1854 (original)
• Forestia mirabilis Trinchese, 1881

Descripción
Los animales de esta especie miden entre 10 y 15 mm de longitud. El color general del cuerpo es blanco-amarillento y translúcido, dejando entrever los órganos internos, aunque también puede ser amarillo oscuro, purpuráceo o marronoso dependiendo del tipo de su alimentación. La cabeza es bastante corta, como también los palpos orales y los rinóforos. Los rinóforos son lisos y semitransparentes y como los palpos orales con el extremo opaco debido a pigmentación blanquecina o amarillenta. Los ojos son muy pequeños y se encuentran justo detrás de la base de los rinóforos. Hay de 7-10 grupos de ceratas bien separados entre ellos y que comienzan muy cerca de los rinóforos. Los ceratas son semitransparentes, bastante largos, finos y acabados en punta. Hay 3-4 ceratas en cada grupo. Dentro de cada cerata, la glándula digestiva tiene forma de un delgado conducto de color amarillento o crema. En los ejemplares más grandes puede haber una fina puntuación azulada en los ceratas que hace opaca a su superficie y enmascara a la glándula digestiva; el ápice puntiagudo de los ceratas es amarillento. Los ceratas de un mismo grupo parecen salir de una base común. En la mayoría de los ejemplares se pueden observar por transparencia a cada lado del dorso las unidades gonadales en forma de estructuras blanquecinas de contorno lobulado y situadas entre las zonas de inserción de cada grupo de cerata. El pie es ancho y forma por delante dos cortos y agudos tentáculos propodiales. La cola es corta y suele estar cubierta por los ceratas más posteriores.

Biología
Los animales de esta especie se suelen encontrar bajo piedras desde muy poca profundidad. Frecuentemente los animales expanden lateralmente sus ceratas semejando los tentáculos de una anémona. Se alimenta de huevos de peces como Lepadogaster lepadogaster, L. purpurea, L. candollei, Parablennius gattorugine o P. pilicornis. La puesta es un cordón sinuoso, fino y dispuesto muy irregularmente con huevos de color blanco que se encuentran dentro de cápsulas de unas 138 micras de diámetro (Calado & Urgorri, 2002).

Etimología

• Glaucoides. Deriva del Latín “glaucus”, blanco. Significa “blancuzco”.

Distribución
Debido a que hasta el año 2002 no se describió la especie simpátrica C. gobioophaga, con la que puede confundirse fácilmente, posiblemente hasta esa fecha las citas de C. glaucoides en muchas zonas geográficas incluyan también a ejemplares de C. gobioophaga. C. glaucoides es una especie que se ha localizado en aguas europeas, tanto atlánticas como mediterráneas, desde Noruega, Islas Británicas, costas atlánticas y mediterráneas francesas, Tenerife (Islas Canarias) y Golfo de Nápoles (Prkić et al. 2014). En la Península Ibérica se ha encontrado con seguridad en Galicia y Portugal (Calado & Urgorri, 2002), en las costas andaluzas y en Catalunya, donde ha sido citada en Cadaqués, Begur, Calella de Palafrugell, Palamós, Sant Feliu de Guixols y L´Ametlla de Mar.

Especies similares
Calma gobioophaga, con tentáculos propodials más largos, ojos más grandes y situados inmediatamente detrás de la base de los rinóforos, glándula digestiva más larga, huevos más pequeños y se alimenta de huevos de peces del género Gobius.

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Bibliografía basada en los trabajos de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 y Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, con actualizaciones posteriores procedentes de otras fuentes.

Más información

• AsturNatura
• Biodiversity Heritage Library
• BiologiaMarina.org
• CIB - Club Immersio Biologia
• El Litoral de Granada
• Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland
• Flickr pictures
• GROC
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• Sea Slug Forum
• World Register of Marine Species

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