Pyrunculus hoernesi

Pyrunculus hoernesi (Weinkauff, 1866)

Pyrunculus hoernesi @ Croatia per Pero Ugarković

Nota taxonòmica: Pyrunculus hoernesi va ser descrita originalment per Weinkauff (1866) com a Bulla (Cylichna) hoernesi, reflectint el concepte ampli de Bulla que en aquella època s’aplicava a nombrosos cefalaspidis de petites dimensions. Durant el segle següent, l’espècie va ser assignada generalment al gènere Cylichna, apareixent a la literatura sota les combinacions Cylichna hoernesi i Cylichna hoernesii. Aquesta darrera es considera actualment una grafia posterior incorrecta, mentre que el nom acceptat és Pyrunculus hoernesi (Weinkauff, 1866) (MolluscaBase, 2026; WoRMS Editorial Board, 2026). Igualment, Cylichna cuneata Tiberi, 1868 és considerada actualment un sinònim posterior (junior synonym) de P. hoernesi (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La transferència de l’espècie al gènere Pyrunculus va ser conseqüència d’una reinterpretació de la sistemàtica dels retúsids basada en la morfologia de la conquilla i en caràcters anatòmics. Tot i que les espècies de Pyrunculus i Cylichna són superficialment similars, difereixen en diversos caràcters diagnòstics, especialment en la forma de la conquilla i en l’estructura del pedrer, que a Pyrunculus presenta tres plaques quitinoses subtriangulars, cadascuna proveïda de dos tubercles roms (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La taxonomia dels retúsids mediterranis ha estat històricament dificultada per la seva mida diminuta, la simplicitat de la conquilla i l’escassetat d’estudis anatòmics, fet que ha provocat freqüents identificacions errònies i inconsistències nomenclaturals. La revisió de Tringali i Oliverio (2001) va aclarir la identitat dels representants mediterranis de Pyrunculus i va establir el marc taxonòmic adoptat actualment per MolluscaBase i el World Register of Marine Species (Bouchet et al., 2017; MolluscaBase, 2026).

Sinònims

• Bulla (Cylichna) hoernesi Weinkauff, 1866
• Cylichna cuneata Tiberi, 1868
• Cylichna hoernesii (Weinkauff, 1866)

Descripció
Pyrunculus hoernesi és un petit cefalaspidi proveït d’una conquilla que arriba aproximadament als 6 mm de longitud, tot i que la majoria dels exemplars vius són de dimensions inferiors (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La conquilla és relativament sòlida, llisa i brillant, de color blanc porcellanós uniforme i desproveïda de qualsevol dibuix o patró cromàtic. Presenta un contorn piriforme allargat que s’estreny gradualment cap a l’extrem posterior, situant-se la màxima amplada aproximadament a l’inici del terç inferior de la conquilla (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). L’obertura és llarga i estreta al llarg de gairebé tot el seu recorregut, eixamplant-se lleugerament a la regió anterior. La columel·la és gairebé recta, amb una lleugera curvatura sinuosa, mentre que el llavi extern és prim i uniformement arrodonit. L’àpex està profundament enfonsat dins un estret umbílic apical i envoltat per una sèrie de curtes costelles axials. A la porció basal de la conquilla s’observen fines estries espirals que, generalment, només són visibles amb augment (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). L’animal viu és delicat i translúcid, amb les parts toves exposades de color blanc ivori a crema pàl·lid, molt semblants al color de la conquilla. L’escut cefàlic és ample i llis, amb dos lòbuls posteriors triangulars. Els parapodis són petits i deixen exposada la major part de la conquilla, mentre que els ulls són poc conspicus o difícils d’observar en exemplars vius (Moro et al., 2009).

Biologia
Pyrunculus hoernesi és una espècie infaunal que habita sediments marins no consolidats, incloent-hi sorres fines, sorres fangoses i fons tous mixtos, des del sublitoral superficial fins a profunditats superiors als 100 m (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001; Gofas et al., 2011). Els exemplars vius rarament són observats i la majoria dels registres provenen d’espècimens obtinguts mitjançant mostrejos de sediment (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La dieta de P. hoernesi no ha estat documentada i se’n desconeixen les preferències alimentàries (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). La seva biologia reproductiva no ha estat estudiada. No es disposa d’informació sobre la posta, les masses d’ous, el desenvolupament embrionari, les fases larvàries o el comportament reproductor (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). De la mateixa manera, no s’han publicat estudis que descriguin el seu comportament o el seu cicle biològic en condicions naturals.

Etimologia

• Pyrunculus, del grec “pyrus”, pera i “con{unculus}”, sufix de diminutiu. En forma de pera petita.
• Hoernesi, en honor del paleontòleg i mineralogista austríac Dr. Moritz Hörnes (1815-1868), pare del paleontòleg Prof. Dr. Rudolf Hörnes (1850-1912), que va publicar l’obra “Die Gasteropoden der Meeresablagerungen der ersten und zweiten Miocanen Mediterran-Stufe in der osterreicheische-ungarischen Monarchie…”.

Distribució
Pyrunculus hoernesi ha estat registrada tant al Mediterrani occidental com a l’oriental, així com a l’oceà Atlàntic nord-oriental (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001). A l’Atlàntic, existeixen registres confirmats a les costes atlàntiques de la península Ibèrica, Madeira, les illes Canàries i Noruega (Bouchet, 1975; Moro et al., 2009; Gofas et al., 2011). L’espècie ha estat citada des del sublitoral superficial fins a profunditats superiors als 100 m (Tringali & Oliverio, 2001; Gofas et al., 2011).

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Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., Nützel, A., Parkhaev, P. et al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia, 61(1-2), 1-526.
Capdevila, M., Folch, J. (2009). Fauna malacològica del Parc Subaquàtic de Tarragona (el Tarragonès, Catalunya, Espanya). SPIRA Vol. 3 Núms. 1-2 Pàg. 33-51.
Cervera, J. L., Calado, G., Gavaia, C., Malaquías, M. A. E., Templado, J., Ballesteros, M., García-Gómez, J. C., Megina, C. (2004). An annotated and updated checklist of the opisthobranchs (Mollusca: Gastropoda) from Spain and Portugal (including islands and archipelagos). Boletín Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 20(1-4), 1-111.
Gofas, S., Moreno, D., Salas, C. (2011). Moluscos marinos de Andalucía. Universidad de Málaga, Servicio de publicaciones e intercambio científico.
Long, S. J. (2006). Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000. Bayside Books & Press, Tustin, CA, U.S.A. 672p.
McDonald, G. (2009). Bibliographia Nudibranchia. 2nd Online Edition, Annotated. 1072 pp  Institute of Marine Sciences, University of California, Santa Cruz. Disponible en: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/8115h0wz
Moreno, D., Templado, J. (1998). Nuevas aportaciones al conocimiento de los opistobranquios del sureste español. II. Iberus 16 (2): 39-58.
Moro, L., Ortea, J., Bacallado, J. J., Herrera, R., Espinosa, J., Caballer, M. (2009). Nuevas aportaciones al inventario de las babosas marinas del archipiélago canario (Mollusca: Opisthobranchia y Sacoglossa). Revista de la Academia Canaria de Ciencias, 21(3-4), 109-143.
Ozturk, B., Dogan, A., Bitlis-Bakir, B., Salman, A. (2014). Marine Molluscs of the Turkish Coasts: An Updated Checklist. Tübitak, Turkish Journal of Zoology 38. https://doi.org/10.3906/zoo-1405-78
Peñas, A., Rolán, E., Luque, A., Templado, J., Rubio, F., Moreno, D., Sierra, A. (2006). Moluscos marinos de la zona de la isla de Alborán. Iberus, supplement 6.
Templado, J., Villanueva, R. (2010). Checklist of Phylum Mollusca. pp. 148-198 In Coll, M., et al., 2010. The biodiversity of the Mediterranean Sea: estimates, patterns, and threats. PLoS ONE 5(8):36pp.
Tringali, L. P. (1995). Known range of Pyrunculus hoernesii (Weinkauff, 1866) extended (Gastropoda: Opisthobranchia: Cephalaspidea). Notiz CISMA 17: 3-4.
Tringali, L. P., Oliverio, M. (2001). The recent Mediterranean species of the genus Pyrunculus Pilsbry, 1895 (Opisthobranchia, Cephalaspidea, Retusidae). Bollettino Malacologico 37(5-8):151-162; figs. 1-45.
Weinkauff, H. C. (1866). Nouveau supplément au catalogue des coquilles marines recueillies sur les côtes de l’Algérie. Journal de Conchyliologie 14: 227-248.
WoRMS Editorial Board. (2026). World Register of Marine Species. WoRMS. Disponible en: http://www.marinespecies.org
Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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• Flickr pictures
• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
• NCBI GenBank
• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• World Register of Marine Species

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