Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904)
Goniobranchus annulatus @ Alternatives (North Red Sea) 21/02/2007 per Pontes, Miquel
Informació taxonòmica WoRMS
Nom acceptat actual: Goniobranchus annulatus (Eliot, 1904)
Classificació actual
Sinònims
- Chromodoris annulata Eliot, 1904 (original)
- Glossodoris annulata (Eliot, 1904)
Descripció
La mida màxima reportada per a aquesta espècie és de 100 mm, encara que la mida habitual varia entre 40 i 60 mm. Té el cos de color blanc translúcid amb taques rodones de color taronja, absents en alguns exemplars (van Rinj, 27/11/2007 a Sea Slug Forum; van Belle, 7/02/2002 a Sea Slug Forum). Els rinòfors i les brànquies es troben envoltats per sengles cercles de color porpra o vermell, de vegades units entre si per una línia (Neal, 4/05/2010 a Sea Slug Forum) i rares vegades incomplets. La vora del mantell és de color porpra, mentre que la part inferior és blanca, excepte en la part anterior que és completament porpra (excepte en alguns casos citats per Yonow el 2008), punt molt fàcil d’observar perquè l’animal aixeca constantment la vora anterior del mantell en un moviment ondulant quan es desplaça. Els rinòfors tenen dos colors, la base és blanca, com ho és la major part de la zona lamel·lar, mentre que la part distal i les laminetes són de color porpra. El plomall branquial està ben desenvolupat, l’animal el manté bastant vertical i també és bicolor: té fins a una dotzena de fulles branquials de secció triangular de color blanc, vorejades de color violeta. Les brànquies formen un cercle que està obert per la part posterior i envolta l’anus, i l’animal sovint els dona un moviment rítmic vibràtil. A la part posterior del cos s’observa el peu, de color blanc i puntejat en color taronja de forma idèntica al dors, que sobresurt per darrera del mantell i per tant és fàcilment visible.
Biologia
Goniobranchus annulatus s’alimenta d’esponges del gènere Chelonaplysilla, i sembla tenir preferència per l’espècie Chelonaplysilla violacea. La posta consisteix en una cinta gelatinosa d’uns 10 mm d’alt de color blanc groguenc o rosat, enrotllada en espiral i fixada al substrat per un dels seus costats. La vora lliure no apareix clarament ondulada com en altres espècies similars. Segons sembla, habita els fons durs i parets rocoses entre la superfície i uns 40 metres de profunditat, tant en zones calmes com batudes pel corrent. Es creu que obté determinades substàncies químiques antidepredants (terpens complexos) de les esponges de les que s’alimenta, i que emmagatzema en unes glàndules de color blanc opac que té al voltant de la vora del mantell. La seva vistosa lliurea (coloració aposemàtica) té per objecte advertir els possibles predadors del seu mal gust o toxicitat, per evitar atacs. L’animal habitualment es desplaça pel fons amb el característic moviment ondulant del mantell, especialment evident en la seva part anterior, i la vibració constant de les brànquies. Hi ha altres dues espècies de dòrids que comparteixen parcialment el rang de distribució d’aquesta espècie i que poden ser fàcilment confoses amb ella: Hypselodoris pulchella i Hypselodoris ghardaqana. Gohar & Aboul-Ela (1957) donen unes senzilles claus per distingir-les que sintetitzem en la següent taula:
| Hypselodoris pulchella | Goniobranchus annulatus | Hypselodoris ghardaqana |
| Color dorsal | blanc groguenc amb taques grogues, reticulat difós porpra | blanc translúcid amb taques grogues, cercles porpra | blanc amb taques grogues, sense més taques |
| Mida màxima | 110 x 30 mm | 64 x 20 mm | 55 x 13 mm |
| Rinófors | llargs, porpra blavós amb eix blanc | llargs, cònics, porpra | curts, porpra vermellós, amb eix rosat |
| Brànquies | 20-30, bifurcades, posició vertical, vibràtils | 9-12, no bifurcades, posició vertical, vibràtils | 9-11, no bifurcades, posició horitzontal, no-vibràtils |
| Posta | taronja vermellós, vora lliure bastant ondulada | blanc groguenc, vora lliure no ondulada | blanc, vora lliure una mica ondulada, una capa d’ous |
| Foto |  Hypselodoris pulchella |  Goniobranchus annulatus |  Hypselodoris ghardaqana |
| Autor de la foto | Erwin Köhler © | Miquel Pontes © | Brian Mayes © |
Etimologia
- Goniobranchus, nom que deriva del Grec “gonios”, angle i “brangchia”, brànquies.
- Annulatus, del Llatí “annulatus”, que porta un anell, pels anells característics d’aquesta espècie.
Distribució
Descrita originalment a Zanzíbar per Eliot el 1904, aquesta espècie viu principalment en l’Oceà Índic, on ha estat citada des del sud d’Àfrica (Mayotte, Reunió, Madagascar, etc.) fins al Golf Pèrsic, també al mar Roig i a l’Oceà Pacífic tropical occidental, on ha estat citada a Myanmar i Tailàndia. Com a casos curiosos, hi ha una cita a Table Cape, Tasmània (Close, G .; 1984.07.14 a GBIF.ORG, 2016) i una altra al Golf de Califòrnia (Bertsch i Kerstitch, 1984). Està present també a la Mediterrània, on es considera una espècie invasora d’origen lessepsià, ja que es creu que ha entrat pel canal de Suez, procedent del Mar Roig, i sembla que s’ha establert amb èxit en aigües d’Israel, Líban, Turquia i Grècia.
Abundància
| Mediterrània occidental: |
☆☆☆☆☆ |
| Mediterrània oriental: |
★★☆☆☆ |
| Oceà Atlàntic: |
☆☆☆☆☆ |
Mes
Aquesta gràfica mostra la probabilitat d’observació mensual de Goniobranchus annulatus basada en els nostres propis registres.
Altres fotos
Goniobranchus annulatus (Beirut, Lebanon) by Sonja Ooms
Goniobranchus annulatus (Beirut, Lebanon) by Sonja Ooms
Goniobranchus annulatus (Beirut, Lebanon) by Sonja Ooms
Goniobranchus annulatus (Beirut, Lebanon) by Sonja Ooms
Goniobranchus annulatus with almost no spots (license CC BY) Joy Ito
Bibliografia
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Goniobranchus annulatus
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Pontes, Miquel, Manuel Ballesteros, Enric Madrenas (2025) "Goniobranchus annulatus" a OPK-Opistobranquis. Publicat: 17/09/2014. Accedit: 27/07/2026. Disponible a (https://opistobranquis.info/ca/?p=14489)