Pseudothecosomata

Els Pseudothecosomata són opistobranquis pelàgics, nedadors i holoplanctònics que passen tota la seva vida en fase planctònica. El seu nom es refereix a que tenen el cos protegit per una conquilla cartilaginosa o theca (caixa en grec). Com una adaptació a la vida pelàgica, els pseudothecosomata tenen expansions del peu que els permeten usar-les com a aletes natatòries. Per aquesta raó, comunament es diuen papallones de mar.

La conquilla de consistència cartilaginosa es diu pseudoconquilla i es considera interna perquè està coberta per un epiteli molt fi; aquest pseudoconquilla és semitransparent i té una forma corba que permet acomodar la massa visceral de l’animal. Algunes espècies de la família Desmopteridae no tenen cap tipus de conquilla.

Corolla spectabilis, un Pseudothecosomata típic

El cap dels pseudothecosomata té un parell de tentacles, anomenats rinòfors, amb finalitats olfactives. La cavitat del mantell està ben desenvolupada en aquest grup, però només algunes espècies, com el gènere Peracle, tenen una brànquia. Altres espècies poden respirar a través de l’epiteli del mantell. La radula té entre 3 i 5 dents per filera i el tracte digestiu té algun tipus de plaques masticatòries per moldre els aliments ingerits.

Els pseudotecosomats s’alimenten de plàncton capturat amb el següent mètode: l’epiteli del mantell i les aletes secreten una gran quantitat de moc, formant una extensa xarxa mucosa de fins a 2 m de llarg flotant al voltant de l’animal, les partícules d’aliment són retingudes en aquesta xarxa i l’animal simplement recol·lecta i s’empassa la xarxa mucosa de tant en tant.

Els pseudotecosomats, com moltes espècies de plàncton marí, generalment tenen una àmplia distribució geogràfica que depèn en gran mesura dels corrents oceànics. Es poden trobar des d’aigües polars fins mars tropicals, però hi ha canvis freqüents en la mida i la morfologia de moltes espècies relacionades amb la seva ubicació geogràfica, el que ha portat a considerar formes o subespècies. A la costa catalana es citen principalment pseudoconquilles buides trobades a les platges després de les tempestes o captures ocasionals pels vaixells comercials d’arrossegament.

Classificació
La classificació actual dels Pseudothecosomata, segons el darrer treball de Bouchet et al.(2017) és:

Pseudothecosomata Meisenheimer, 1905

• Cymbulioidea Gray, 1840
  • Cymbuliidae Gray, 1840
    • Cymbuliinae Gray, 1840
      • Cymbulia F. Péron & Lesueur, 1810
    • Glebinae van der Spoel, 1976
      • Corolla Dall, 1871
      • Gleba Forsskål, 1776
  • Desmopteridae Chun, 1889
    • Desmopterus Chun, 1889
  • Peraclidae Tesch, 1913
    • Peracle Forbes, 1844

Algunes espècies de Pseudothecosomata citades a la Mediterrània o a la Península Ibèrica:

Corolla spectabilis

Cymbulia peronii

Peracle reticulata

Bibliografia

1246567 Pseudothecosomata 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 25096 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P. (2005). Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families. Malacologia, 47(1-2), 1-397.
Bouchet, P., Rocroi, J. P., Hausdorf, B., Kaim, A., Kano, Y., Nützel, A., Parkhaev, P. et al. (2017). Revised classification, nomenclator and typification of gastropod and monoplacophoran families. Malacologia, 61(1-2), 1-526.
Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.