Trapania lineata

Trapania lineata Haefelfinger, 1960

Trapania lineata per Enric Madrenas

Nota taxonòmica: L’estudi de Paz-Sedano et al. (2022) sobre el gènere Trapania va dur a terme una anàlisi morfològica i molecular exhaustiva, concloent que Trapania hispalensis i Trapania pallida no representen espècies diferents, sinó que formen part de la variabilitat intraespecífica de Trapania lineata. L’estudi va comparar detalladament les estructures anatòmiques i la coloració de les tres espècies en diferents localitzacions. Es va observar que les diferències en la pigmentació, particularment en la distribució de línies blanques i la presència de taques blanques o grogues, es trobaven dins del rang de variabilitat natural per a una mateixa espècie. Això va ser especialment evident en espècimens de diferents localitats que exhibien combinacions de trets atribuïts tant a T. hispalensis com a T. pallida, sense patrons consistents de diferenciació. A més, les estructures externes com els rinòfors, les brànquies i els apèndixs extrabranquials i extrarrinoforals van mostrar una morfologia idèntica en les tres suposades espècies. Les diferències en la mida i el nombre de lameles en els rinòfors es van atribuir a variació intraespecífica i no a una distinció taxonòmica vàlida. L’anàlisi de la ràdula i el sistema reproductor va revelar que T. hispalensis, T. pallida i T. lineata comparteixen una estructura idèntica en els denticles i la fórmula radular, sense diferències significatives, encara que a vegades es van observar variacions fins i tot entre les dents d’una mateixa ràdula. Les estructures del sistema reproductor, incloent-hi la forma del penis i la glàndula prostàtica, també van ser virtualment idèntiques en els tres tàxons. L’anàlisi genètica basada en seqüències d’ADN mitocondrial i nuclear també va confirmar que no hi havia diferències genètiques significatives entre T. hispalensis, T. pallida i T. lineata. Els espècimens estudiats pertanyien al mateix clade monofilètic amb nivells molt baixos de divergència genètica, indicant clarament que són part d’una mateixa espècie. L’antiga T. pallida apareix separada lleugerament de les altres dues espècies a nivell genètic, probablement a causa de l’aïllament geogràfic, però no prou com per ser considerada una espècie diferent. No obstant això, troballes recents d’aquesta espècie al Mediterrani prop de morfotips locals suggereixen que podria no acabar com una espècie diferent en el futur.

Sinònims

• Trapania hispalensis Cervera & García-Gómez, 1989
• Trapania pallida Kress, 1968

Descripció
Aquest és un petit nudibranqui doridaci amb un cos limaciforme, relativament gruixut, que pot assolir una longitud màxima d’uns 20 mm, tot i que normalment fa entre 10 i 15 mm. El cos és relativament gruixut a la seva àrea central, amb un color base blanc translúcid que permet veure la massa visceral marró interna per transparència. El dors sovint està decorat amb fines línies blanques iridescents que recorren l’esquena, els costats, el cap, els tentacles orals, els rinòfors, la cua i, en certs casos, també al llarg de l’eix de les fulles branquials. Una característica distintiva d’aquesta espècie és la presència d’apèndixs extrabranquials i extrarrinoforals cilíndrics ubicats als costats externs dels rinòfors i les brànquies. Aquests apèndixs estan dirigits cap enrere i lleugerament cap a dins, amb les seves puntes distals, juntament amb les dels rinòfors, brànquies, palps propodials i cua, sovint acolorides de groc a groc-taronja, de vegades blanc (en l’antic morfotip T. pallida). Els rinòfors són relativament llargs i amples, amb unes 10-12 lameles no retràctils a la seva porció distal, amb la part basal coincidint amb el color del cos. La brànquia consta de tres grans fulles branquials tripinnades, essent la central la més gran. Una petita papil·la anal de color beix es troba just darrere de les brànquies. Els tentacles orals tenen forma de dit i sovint estan pigmentats de groc-taronja, de vegades blanc. El peu és relativament estret, coincidint amb el color del cos. Els tentacles propodials són amples a la base, corbats cap enrere, i poden ser totalment o parcialment grocs, de vegades blancs. La cua és punxeguda i pot tenir una punta taronja (de vegades blanca).

Biologia
Es troba habitualment en substrats rocosos, sovint en ambients poc il·luminats com coves o sortints amb abundància d’esponges. Generalment s’associa amb esponges del gènere Ircinia, hàbitat dels entoproctes (Kamptozoa) del gènere Loxosomella (Cattaneo-Vietti et al. 1990), petits invertebrats sèssils que creixen sobre les esponges, que són la seva principal font d’aliment. La temporada reproductiva es dona entre març i juny, i la posta consisteix en una estructura en forma de cinta d’uns 25 mm de llarg i 2 mm d’ample, que conté ous blancs d’aproximadament 80 micres de diàmetre. Aquesta espècie és sovint parasitada per copèpodes del gènere Splanchnotrophus, que s’adhereixen a prop de les brànquies i abracen la massa visceral.

Etimologia

• Trapania. El nom genèric original d’aquesta espècie era Drepania, proposat per Lafont el 1874. Pruvot-Fol el 1931 proposa canviar el nom genèric a Trapania per desambiguar-lo de Drepania Hübner, 1816 (un grup de lepidòpters). Madame Pruvot-Fol no indica la procedència del nom, però hi ha dues teories: la primera seria dedicada a la ciutat de Trapani, capital de província de la Sicília occidental; la segona seria derivada del nom genèric original Drepania, derivat del grec “Drepane” que significa «falç» i presumiblement es refereix a la forma dels apèndixs situats als costats dels rinòfors i brànquies en aquest gènere. Pruvot Fol hauria triat el nou nom basant-se que té el mateix sentit, però no el mateix so i evitar així confusions.
• Lineata. Del Llatí “lineatus”, amb línies, ratllat.

Distribució
Aquesta espècie es distribueix per tot l’Atlàntic nord-oriental i la mar Mediterrània. S’ha registrat des de les Illes Britàniques, la badia d’Arcachon (França) fins a l’estret de Gibraltar a l’Atlàntic, i a través del Mediterrani, incloent-hi França, Sardenya, Turquia i la costa mediterrània ibèrica, incloent-hi les Illes Balears. Hi ha registres notables de localitats com Es Caials, Cadaqués, l’Escala, les Illes Medes, Palamós, les Illes Formigues, Blanes, Mataró i la Pineda (Salou).

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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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