Thuridilla hopei (Verany, 1853)
Thuridilla hopei per Enric Madrenas
Taxonomia Superdomain
Biota
Kingdom
Animalia
Phylum
Mollusca
Class
Gastropoda
Subclass
Heterobranchia
Infraclass
Euthyneura
Subterclass
Tectipleura
Superorder
Sacoglossa
Superfamily
Plakobranchoidea
Family
Plakobranchidae
Genus
Thuridilla
Species
Thuridilla hopei (Vérany, 1853)
Classificació segons Bouchet et al. (2017) Font taxonòmica: World Register of Marine Species (AphiaID: 139687).
Sinònims
Actaeon hopei Vérany, 1853
Elysia cyanea Mamo in Caruana, 1867
Elysia splendida Grube, 1861
Descripció
Els exemplars d’aquesta vistosa espècie solen mesurar entre 15 i 20 mm de longitud tot i que s’han citat animals de fins a 30 mm (excloent els rinòfors). Els cos és estret i allargat i la seva coloració general és violeta fosc, quasi negre, amb el peu una mica més clar. Alguns exemplars poden presentar tons marronosos foscos més que violetes. És molt cridanera la coloració de la cara externa dels parapodis on, a més de la coloració violeta fosc, apareix una banda taronja en l’extrem dels parapodis juntament amb bandes de color blau cel irisat i groc. La cara interna dels parapodis és violeta o castany fosc. En les parts laterals del cos poden haver taques blanques o de color groc pàl·lid que poden formar una línia longitudinal discontínua. Els rinòfors son llargs i auriculats i els seu color és violeta fosc, presentant en la seva superfície interna una banda longitudinal blanc-groguenca irisada, bordejada en ocasions per altres de color blau cel. La boca presenta un cridaner llavi inferior de color taronja. Aquesta coloració envaeix parcialment la regió lateral del cap la qual també presenta taques blau cel. El peu és estret, amb extrems arrodonits. Segons el treball de Furfaro et al., (2014), sembla que els patrons de coloració de Thuridilla hopei depenen de la fondària en què viuen. Els exemplars d’aigües profundes sembla que tenen una coloració més blavosa i llisa, sense punts, mentre que els d’aigües somes tenen punts i ratlles discontínues en la coloració del cos.
Biologia
Els individus de T. hopei son molt actius i solen trobar-se en roques amb recobriment algal, tant en parets fotòfiles com en esciàfiles, on abunden hidraris, esponges y briozous. Alguns exemplars poden observar-se també sota pedres. Els parapodis es mantenen adossats sobre els dors de l’animal quan es desplaça i sols es despleguen lateralment quan està en repòs. Herbívora com la majoria dels sacoglossos, aquesta espècie és capaç de retenir els cloroplasts funcionals de les algues de les que s’alimenta. L’aparellament, descrit per Gascoigne (1985), és recíproc: dos animals uneixen els seus caps pel costat dret, després estenen els seus penis i injecten l’esperma al sac espermàtic de l’altre (anomenat “bursa copulatrix”) que té una obertura externa just darrere de la zona pericàrdica, darrere del cap. No obstant, no hi ha cap connexió interna del sac espermàtic amb la resta del sistema reproductiu, així que encara es desconeix com es fertilitzen els ous. La posta es presenta en forma d’una espiral plana sobre el substrat. El desenvolupament embrionari de Thuridilla hopei ha estat descrit per Thompson i Salghetti-Drioli (1984) com a lecitotròfic (una forma de desenvolupament embrionari en què el rovell d’un ou proporciona tots els nutrients necessaris a l’embrió). Tant els ous com el rovell extra-capsular són de color vermell al principi, i es va decolorant a mida que progressa el desenvolupament de l’embrió (Jensen, 1992). Posseeix la capacitat de fabricar substàncies defensives com les thuridillines que, segons sembla, provenen de molècules diterpenoïdes de la seva dieta algal.
Etimologia
Thuridilla. Derivat de Thurida (la filla de Thord de Höfdi), un personatge de la saga islandesa de Viga-Glum.
Hopei . En honor al Reverend Frederick William Hope, (1797-1862). Hope era un ric i famós entomòleg aficionat que va establir la Càtedra Hope a Oxford, atorgada per primer cop a un dels seus seguidors, en Westwood. Hope va fer una única incursió en l’àrea marina amb el seu “Catalogo dei Crostacei Italiani”, publicat en Nàpols el 1851, un catàleg de crustacis de la Mediterrània, amb 48 planes i il·lustracions.
Distribució
Es tracta d’una espècie àmpliament distribuïda per tot el Mediterrani des d’Espanya fins a Turquia o Israel. Fora d’aquest àrea només ha estat citada a les costes atlàntiques del litoral de Huelva y a la Macaronèsia (Canàries, Açores i Madeira), on els exemplars de Thuridilla hopei , que tradicionalment s’havien atribuït a l’espècie caribenya Thuridilla picta (Verril, 1901) pel seu patró de color molt similar (vegeu Cervera et al, 2004; Malaquias et al, 2009) van resultar ser Thuridilla hopei després l’estudi molecular dut a terme per Carmona et al. (2011). A la Península Ibérica és comuna per tot el litoral mediterrani, des de les costes catalanes fins l’Estret de Gibraltar. A Catalunya s’ha citat i observat per tot el litoral tant de la Costa Brava, com del Maresme, així com a diverses localitats al sud de Barcelona.
Abundància
Mediterrània occidental: ★★★★☆ Mediterrània oriental: ★★★★☆ Oceà Atlàntic: ★☆☆☆☆
Mes
Aquesta gràfica mostra la probabilitat d´observació mensual de Thuridilla hopei basada en els nostres propis registres.
Videos
VIDEO
Altres fotos
Thuridilla hopei @ Mallorca by Lenka Juskaničová
Thuridilla hopei with curious malformation @ Sa Tuna 20140426 by Miquel Pontes
Thuridilla hopei @ Artificial reef Magiatika, Halkidiki, Greece 13-05-2014 by Yiannis Iliopoulos
Thuridilla hopei @ El Cabron, Arinaga, Gran Canaria 4-05-2015 by Jose Juan Calderín Peñate
Thuridilla hopei with open parapodia by Alberto Piras
Thuridilla hopei @ La Herradura, Granada, Spain 9-04-2017 by Stefan Verheyen
Thuridilla hopei @ Sicily, Italy by Lara Orselli
Thuridilla hopei @ Eivissa, Spain by Joan Pereyra
Thuridilla hopei @ L’Escala, Spain by Eli Franco Valero
Thuridilla hopei @ L’Escala, Spain by Eli Franco Valero
Bibliografia
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Thuridilla hopei
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006 . Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009 . Bibliographia Nudibranchia , amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.
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Ballesteros, M., Madrenas, E. & Pontes, M. (2023) "Thuridilla hopei" a OPK-Opistobranquis . Publicat: 14/05/2012. Accedit: 03/12/2023. Disponible a (https://opistobranquis.info/ca/?p=274 )
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