Dondice occidentalis

Dondice occidentalis  (Engel, 1925)

Dondice occidentalis @ Key Largo, Florida (USA) per Manuel Malaquias

Nota taxonòmica: El Dr. Philippe Bouchet (publicat a Furfaro & Mariottini, 2021) va assenyalar que el gènere Nanuca Er. Marcus, 1957 tenia prioritat sobre el gènere Dondice Er. Marcus, 1958. En conseqüència, les espècies d’aquest clade s’haurien de classificar sota Nanuca com a noves combinacions. Tanmateix, García-Méndez et al. (2022) van avaluar la sistemàtica de Dondice mitjançant una anàlisi filogenètica molecular de diversos representants de Myrrhinidae. Els seus resultats van mostrar que tant Dondice com Nanuca són gèneres monofilètics i vàlids, presentant diverses característiques morfològiques diagnòstiques que permeten diferenciar-los. També van dur a terme un enfocament taxonòmic integrador centrat en Dondice occidentalis (Engel, 1925) i Dondice parguerensis Brandon & Cutress, 1985 a l’Atlàntic occidental, incloent-hi un rang geogràfic i morfològic més ampli d’espècimens. Van demostrar que D. occidentalis constitueix un complex de sis espècies pseudocríptiques amb distribucions geogràfiques restringides a l’Atlàntic occidental, i que D. parguerensis és una espècie diferenciada i vàlida. Dondice occidentalis sensu stricto es reconeix com l’espècie del gènere amb més variació morfològica, mentre que les cinc noves espècies, Dondice arianeae, Dondice freddiemercuryi, Dondice juansanchezi, Dondice jupiteriensis i Dondice caboensis, presenten patrons morfològics consistents, en concordança amb la seva diferenciació molecular. L’estudi de García-Méndez et al. (2022) va augmentar el nombre d’espècies conegudes de Dondice de quatre a nou i va destacar la importància d’abordar la biodiversitat marina dins d’un marc integrador.

Sinònims

• Caloria occidentalis  Engel, 1925
• Nanuca occidentalis  (Engel, 1925)

Descripció
Dondice occidentalis és un nudibranqui esvelt i allargat el cos del qual s’estreny cap a l’extrem posterior. El seu cos és translúcid amb una única línia dorsal mitjana el color de la qual varia segons la localitat: blanc opac en exemplars de Jamaica, blanc opac gruixut en exemplars de les Bahames i blau clar en exemplars de Panamà. La longitud màxima registrada del cos és de 50 mm. El cap presenta una única línia taronja mitjana entre els rinòfors, amb possible pigmentació groguenca a les vores i dues línies laterals de color blau brillant entre els tentacles orals i els rinòfors (García-Méndez et al., 2022). Els cerates són nombrosos, llargs i de forma fusiforme, disposats en cinc a set grups al llarg de cada costat dorsolateral des de darrere dels tentacles orals fins a l’extrem posterior. Disminueixen en mida i nombre cap a la part posterior. Els cerates són de color gris translúcid, sovint amb grans bandes blaves o blanques que cobreixen els dos terços superiors de cada cerata. En els exemplars de Jamaica i les Bahames, presenten anells subapicals de color taronja fosc, mentre que en els de Panamà exhibeixen bandes blanquinoses groguenques (García-Méndez et al., 2022). Els rinòfors són llisos a la base, amb un clau anellat per cinc a nou anells. Passen de ser translúcids a la base a blancs opacs o groguencs a les puntes. Els tentacles orals són llargs i estrets, translúcids amb puntes blanques opaques, i a vegades presenten pigmentació blava a la base o al llarg de tota la seva extensió, amb bandes groguenques a les puntes en alguns individus (García-Méndez et al., 2022). El peu és translúcid, amb una línia blava clara o taques blaves disperses, i el seu extrem posterior és d’un blau brillant. Les cantonades anteriors del peu són curtes, afilades i corbades. L’obertura reproductiva es troba a la porció anterior dreta del cos, entre el primer i el segon grup de cerates, mentre que l’obertura anal és dorsolateral, adjacent al segon grup de cerates (García-Méndez et al., 2022).

Esquema sobre els patrons de color del dors i cerata de les espècies de Dondice de l’Atlàntic Occidental: a-f Dondice occidentalis (Engel, 1925); a-b Especimen de Jamaica; c-d Especimen de Bahamas; e-f Especimen de Panama; g-h Dondice parguerensis Brandon & Cutress, 1985; i-j Dondice freddiemercuryi; k-l Dondice juansanchezi; m-n Dondice arianeae; o-p Dondice caboensis; q-r Dondice jupiteriensis. Extret de García-Méndez et al (2022).

 

Trets externs diferencials de les espècies de Dondice de l’Atlàntic Occidental. Extret de García-Méndez et al (2022).

 

Biologia
Dondice occidentalis es troba habitualment en praderies de fanerògames marines, algues i hidrozous en zones poc profundes amb parches sorrencs. S’alimenta principalment d’hidrozous, amb informes previs que documenten el seu consum d’Eudendrium Ehrenberg, 1834, i briozous del gènere Amathia Lamouroux, 1812 (McDonald & Nybakken, 1997). No obstant això, es necessita més investigació per confirmar la seva dieta, particularment en els exemplars identificats com a D. occidentalis (sensu stricto) (García-Méndez et al., 2022). L’estratègia reproductiva d’aquesta espècie continua sent incerta, amb informes contradictoris sobre el seu desenvolupament larvari. Clark & Goetzfried (1978) van descriure D. occidentalis com una espècie de desenvolupament planctotròfic, mentre que Brandon & Cutress (1985) van argumentar que presenta un desenvolupament lecitotròfic. Aquests últims van suggerir que aquesta característica podria diferenciar D. occidentalis de D. parguerensis. Es requereixen més estudis per aclarir si el mode de desenvolupament és un tret diagnòstic per a aquesta espècie (García-Méndez et al., 2022).

Etimologia

• Occidentalis, del Llatí “occidentalis”, occidental, per on es pon el Sol.

Distribució
Dondice occidentalis es troba a Jamaica (localitat tipus) (Engel, 1925), les Bahames (Gonzalez et al., 2013; Malaquias, 2014) i Panamà (Goodheart et al., 2016). Altres registres suggereixen possibles aparicions a Veneçuela (Grune Loffler et al., 2014), el Banc de Campeche al Golf de Mèxic (Ortigosa et al., 2015) i Carolina del Sud (Eyster, 1980). Les anàlisis moleculars suggereixen que els exemplars de Florida i Brasil prèviament identificats com a D. occidentalis representen espècies diferents, fet que reforça la necessitat d’un enfocament taxonòmic integrador (García-Méndez et al., 2022). El Catàleg Actualitzat de Llimacs Marins de Canàries indica que la cita d’Ortea et al (2000) de Dondice occidentalis per a les illes Canàries és errónia.

Altres fotos

Bibliografia

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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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