Pleurehdera stellata

Pleurehdera  stellata (Risso, 1826)

Pleurehdera stellata per Enric Madrenas

Nota Taxonòmica: La sistemàtica de les llimacs marins de l’ordre Pleurobranchida ha estat dificultada durant molt de temps per incongruències persistents entre les dades morfològiques i moleculars. Tradicionalment, les avaluacions morfològiques van dividir l’única superfamília Pleurobranchoidea en dues famílies: Pleurobranchaeidae, sense conquilla, i Pleurobranchidae, amb conquilla interna. Ghanimi et al. (2020) van demostrar que tant l’evidència morfològica com la molecular donen suport a la idea que l’espècie àmpliament distribuïda Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826) és, en realitat, un complex d’espècies que comprèn no menys de vuit espècies diferents. A més, van trobar que el complex B. stellata forma un grup monofilètic amb l’espècie del Pacífic oriental Berthella strongi (MacFarland, 1966). Una revisió crítica de la literatura va portar a la conservació del nom Berthella stellata per a les espècies de l’Atlàntic oriental i el Mediterrani, mentre que el nom Berthella pellucida (Pease, 1860) va ser recuperat per a l’espècie trobada a les illes Hawaii. No obstant això, l’evidència molecular fins ara ha donat lloc a hipòtesis contradictòries. Per abordar aquesta qüestió, Moles et al. (2023) van dur a terme una anàlisi filogenètica multilocus que va incloure les espècies tipus de tots els gèneres coneguts dins d’aquest grup. Emprant diversos algorismes d’emmascarament per millorar la resolució filogenètica, els seus resultats van donar suport al reconeixement d’una nova superfamília, Tomthompsonioidea, caracteritzada per l’absència d’una glàndula oral àcida i la presència d’una conquilla helicoïdal. Es va trobar que aquesta superfamília és un grup germà de tots els altres Pleurobranchida. El seu estudi també va demostrar que el gènere Berthella és parafilètic i ara comprèn quatre clades: Berthella sensu stricto, Boreoberthella, Pleurehdera i Tomoberthella. Els seus resultats van revelar un clade diferent de Berthella que correspon, en gran part, al complex B. stellata descrit per Ghanimi et al. (2020), tot i que amb més complexitat. Es va identificar el grup B. stellata en aigües tropicals i temperades del Pacífic oriental, el Carib i el Mediterrani, incloent espècies com B. andromeda Ghanimi et al., 2020, B. strongi (MacFarland, 1966), B. nebula Ghanimi et al., 2020 i B. vialactea Ghanimi et al., 2020. Aquest grup B. stellata va resultar ser germà d’un clade del Pacífic que comprèn B. pellucida (Pease, 1860) de Hawaii, B. cf. postrema de Nova Caledònia, una B. cf. ‘stellata’ recentment seqüenciada del Japó i Pleurehdera haraldi Ev. Marcus & Er. Marcus, 1970 de l’Atol Palmyra al Pacífic central. Atès que Pleurehdera haraldi era l’espècie tipus i única del seu gènere, i es troba dins d’aquest clade de Berthella, Moles et al. (2023) van proposar transferir totes les espècies abans esmentades a Pleurehdera. Els membres de Pleurehdera comparteixen un mantell reticulat amb una aparença pàl·lida i gelatinosa, una conquilla petita, una glàndula bucal mitjana vestigial o absent i plaques mandibulars en forma de pota amb denticles relativament grans i de mida regular a tots dos costats de l’eix de les plaques (Marcus & Marcus, 1970). Es troben en latituds temperades, des del Mediterrani fins a l’oceà Atlàntic.

Sinònims

• Pleurobranchus stellatus Risso, 1826 (original)
• Berthella albocrossata Heller & Thompson T., 1983 
• Berthella postrema Burn, 1962
• Berthella stellata albocrossata Heller & Thompson, 1983
• Berthella tupala Er. Marcus, 1957
• Pleurobranchus pellucidus Pease, 1860
• Berthella stellata (Risso, 1826)

Descripció
Es tracta d’una espècie que pot presentar uns 30 mm de longitud. En els exemplars grans el mantell és molt pla, de contorn arrodonit i cobreix totalment el peu. La característica principal de l’espècie és la possessió d’una taca blanquinosa en el dors i que generalment té forma de lletra Y amb certa irregularitat. La coloració d’aquesta espècie es molt variable però la més generalitzada del exemplars adults sols ser marronosa, de diferents tons amb petites taques irregularitats blanquinoses. Exemplars més petits poden ser blanquinosos, groguencs o de tons més vermellosos. Aquesta coloració es deguda a les nombroses puntuacions del color que es troba en el mantell. La taca en forma de Y pot no ser-hi en exemplars de talla gran. La conquilla interna no es veu per transparència a través del mantell. El vel cefàlic és de color marró clar com els rinòfors, la brànquia i el hipònot, mentre que la cara inferior del peu és blanquinosa. La brànquia és bipinnada i té 19 laminetes a cada costat del raquis.

Biologia
En les costes catalanes apareix freqüentment sota pedres a poca fondària (20-30 cm) on abunden els tunicats colonials que poden ser el seu aliment. En l’època de reproducció és freqüent observar grups de diversos exemplars (fina a 10-12 a Caials) copulant i efectuant la posta. Aquesta és un cordó circular gelatinós enrotllat en una espiral de 2 voltes amb nombrosos ous blancs. Aquesta espècie disposa també de glàndules en el peu que poden expulsar una secreció molt àcida (pH 0-1) de tipus defensiu.

Etimologia

• Pleurehdera. Tot i que Marcus & Marcus (1970) no van explicar l’origen del nom en proposar el gènere, el seu nom sembla derivar del grec “pleurá” (πλευρά), que significa “costat”, i “dera” (δέρα), que significa “pell”, una paraula relacionada amb “derma” (δέρμα), que també significa “pell”. Podria fer referència a una textura distintiva de la pell o el mantell en el gènere.
• Stellata. Del Llatí stellatus que significa “estrellat”, “amb una estrella”.

Distribució
Aquesta espècie es troba a la Mediterània i Atlàntic nordoriental. Abans es creia que era circumtropical, però en realitat eren altres espècies críptiques amb P. stellata. A la Península Ibèrica s’ha citat a totes les zones costaneres, també a les Canàries, Madeira i Açores. En aigües catalanes és freqüent a Es Caials (N de la Costa Brava).

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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

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