Hydatina physis

Hydatina physis (Linnaeus, 1758)

Hydatina physis per Sonja Ooms

Nota taxonòmica: Odhner va denominar Hydatina stromfelti la forma Atlàntica d’aquesta espècie, més tard sinonimitzada amb Hydatina vesicaria, una tesis compartida per Voskuil (1995) i actualment acceptada a WoRMS (2016),  de tota manera, segons Rudman (Sea Slug Forum, 2010), sembla que no hi ha diferències anatòmiques reconeixibles ni diferències consistents de la conquilla entre aquestes espècies i Hydatina physis pel que conclou que totes són probablement la mateixa espècie amb distribució circuntropical.

Sinònims

• Aplustrum virgatum Mörch, 1852
• Bulla atrolineata Schröter, 1804
• Bulla physis Linnaeus, 1758 (original)
• Bulla quoyana d’Orbigny, 1845
• Bulla staminea Menke, 1835
• Hydatina filosa Schumacher, 1817

Descripció
Aquesta espècie pot créixer fins a 60 mm (Kensley, 1973), però hi ha cites d’animals més grans de fins a 92 mm (Pittman i Fiene, 2016) a Hawaii, (longitud total extrapolada a partir de la mida de la conquilla). El color del cos varia de rosa pàl·lid, gairebé blanc, al marró vermellós, amb el peu i els lòbuls de l’escut cefàlic envoltats per un marge de color blau iridescent molt viu. La conquilla és globosa, de tipus “bombolla”, prima i fràgil, de color blanc translúcid, i enrotllada en tres voltes. La volta més gran (o corporal) és prou gran com per cobrir les altres voltes. La conquilla té evidents línies negres o marrons que segueixen un patró en espiral, generalment dues línies lleugerament més àmplies que delimiten una o més línies més estretes. L’obertura de la conquilla és molt gran, però el cos complet gairebé no es pot retreure dins la mateixa, i de fet poques vegades ho intenta. Falta l’opercle, i la columel·la i el múscul columel·lar estan reduïts. El cap té dos ulls negres situats entre els lòbuls de l’escut cefàlic. A prop d’ells són els òrgans de Hancock (un òrgan quimiosensorial present en els cefalaspidis primitius), que consisteixen en una fila de plecs o solapes. La part davantera de l’escut cefàlic està ben desenvolupada amb un parell de grans tentacles en forma lobulada. La brànquia és de color crema i s’estén cap a fora pel costat dret de l’animal, des de la cavitat del mantell situada sota la conquilla, lleugerament per darrere dels òrgans genitals. Té un tub oral molt musculat, fosc i llarg, semblant a una “trompa”, que sembla adaptat per a ser inserit a dins dels tubs dels cucs que s’alimenta. El peu és molt gran i ample, s’estén més enllà de la conquilla quan l’animal està en moviment, i té unes extensions laterals en forma d’ales carnoses, anomenades parapodis.

Biologia
Aquesta espècie es troba habitualment en aigües poc profundes (en general no més enllà de 5 m) on s’arrossega pel fons en bancs de sorra o tolls intermareals. La seva font d’aliment principal són els cucs cirratúlids poliquets (Kilburn i Rippey, 1982), un grup de cucs que viuen a les esquerdes o en tubs construïts a la sorra i que s’alimenten mitjançant l’extensió d’uns tentacles llargs i enganxosos que tenen al voltant del seu cos per recollir les partícules d’aliments detrítics. Hydatina physis captura les seves preses mitjançant la eversió del seu llarg tub oral amb forma de trompa i introduint-lo al tub del cuc per atrapar-lo. És un reproductor restringit i euriterm, ja que no es reprodueix durant tot l’any, sinó que la posta es produeix durant la temporada en què la temperatura és relativament més baixa en els tròpics, des d’octubre fins a mitjans de febrer (Zehra i Perveen, 1992). Una relació similar entre la temperatura i la posta també va ser establerta per Amio (1963). La migració i l’agregació dels adults (a vegades es reuneixen en grans quantitats, fins a 20 exemplars per metre quadrat) des dels seus hàbitats submareals, just abans de la temporada de reproducció, és una indicació sobre el seu caràcter migratori, així com del seu comportament gregari per a la reproducció. La posta consisteix en una cinta molt ondulada que es diposita completament en el parapodi de l’animal abans de dipositar-la en el substrat amb un fil de mucus. L’animal aconsegueix ancorar la massa d’ous girant sobre si mateix fins a quedar en posició invertida sobre el substrat, amb el peu cap amunt (Zehra i Perveen, 1992). Els ous de color blanc lletós estan tancats en una única capa de càpsules hialines (4-6 ous per càpsula). De mitjana, una sola cinta d’ous conté més de 10.000 ous en el moment àlgid de la temporada de reproducció. La incubació triga uns 13-14 dies a 25-26°C (Zehra i Perveen, 1992). Tan sols el 62% dels ous eclosionen com larves vel·lígeres nedadores en condicions de laboratori, però aquesta situació pot variar a la natura. És una espècie nocturna que s’enterra a la sorra durant el dia. Segueix un ritme circadià nocturn de 12h mesurat per la intensitat de la llum i modulat per la disponibilitat d’aliments. El comportament d’aparellament sembla estar influenciat principalment pel cicle lunar (Murugan et al., 2011). Com s’ha indicat anteriorment Hydatina physis amb prou feines és capaç de amagar-se dins la seva conquilla per protegir-se, per la qual cosa basa la seva defensa en les glàndules secretores d’àcids desagradables de la seva pell i en enterrar-se en la sorra per protegir-se de possibles predadors.

Etimologia

• Hydatina – del Grec ὕδωρ – hýdōr, “aigua”
• Physis, del grec: φύσις generalment es tradueix com “naturalesa” o “forma natural d’una cosa”, però també es refereix al principi de creixement o canvi en la naturalesa, la naturalesa com a font de creixement o canvi, o a alguna cosa que creix, es converteix, o es desenvolupa.

Distribució
Hydatina physis és una espècie circunglobal d’aigües càlides i temperades (Rippingale i McMichael, 1961). S’ha trobat en les aigües tropicals poc profundes dels oceans Atlàntic i Indo-Pacífic (Kilburn i Rippey, 1982; Wells i Bryce, 1986; Wirtz, 1999). A l’Indo-Pacífic s’ha citat en les aigües del Japó (Rudman, 1972), Filipines (Satyamurti, 1952), Hawaii (Rudman, 1972), Austràlia (Springsteen i Leobrfra, 1986; Short i Potter, 1987; Sethi, 2013), a Nova Zelanda (Rudman, 1972) i Sud-àfrica (Sundaram, 1969; Rudman, 1972; Voskuil, 1995; Venkatraman i Venkataraman, 2012). A l’Atlàntic s’ha citat a l’illa de Faial, Açores (Yoshiyama i de Darling, 1982; Wirtz, 1999), a l’illa de São Tiago, Cap Verd (Wirtz, 1999), i a les illes Canàries (Odhner, 1931 com H. stromfelti; Wirtz, 1999).

Altres fotos

Bibliografia

1246567 Hydatina physis 1 eunomia-revista-en-cultura-de-la-legalidad 50 creator asc 1 17187 https://opistobranquis.info/wp-content/plugins/zotpress/
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Bibliografia basada en els treballs de Steve Long, 2006. Bibliography of Opisthobranchia 1554-2000 i Gary McDonald, 2009. Bibliographia Nudibranchia, amb actualitzacions posteriors procedents d´altres fonts.

Més informació

• Biodiversity Heritage Library
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• Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera
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• Medslugs (Atl.W)
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• NCBI GenBank
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• OBIS - Search by Taxon
• Sea Slugs of Hawaii
• SeaSlug Forum
• Southwest Indian Ocean Seaslugs and Flatworms
• The Slug Site
• The Slug Site
• The Vibrant Sea
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